Biomes and ecosystems
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課程筆記
What is an ecosystem?
- An ecosystem is a biological community that has formed in response to its physical environment and regional climate.
- The term was introduced by Arthur Tansley in 1935, who added climatic and soil aspects to the idea.
- An ecosystem includes both living organisms and the non-living parts of their environment, such as climate and soil.
- Ecosystems can be small-scale, but they share the same basic components: producers, consumers, decomposers and their physical surroundings.
What is a biome?
- A biome is a distinct geographical region with specific climate, vegetation, animal life, and an ecosystem.
- Biomes are large-scale ecosystems that are classified by their climate and the types of plants and animals that live there.
- The concept of the biome was popularised by the International Biological Program (1964–74).
- Biomes are not perfectly defined; their boundaries are drawn arbitrarily because of small-scale variations and gradual changeover from one biome to another.
- Biomes are characterised by the average conditions that predominate in them.
Global distribution of biomes
- The global distribution of biomes follows climate, especially temperature and precipitation.
- Whittaker classified biomes using two abiotic factors: precipitation and temperature.
- Holdridge classified climates based on the biological effects of temperature and rainfall on vegetation, assuming these are the largest determinants of vegetation types.
- Biomes change gradually across the Earth, so their boundaries are not sharp lines but transition zones.
- The main terrestrial biomes include tropical rainforest, hot desert, savanna, taiga and tundra.
Food chains, food webs and nutrient cycling
- A food chain shows the flow of energy from one organism to another, starting with a producer and ending with a consumer.
- A food web is a network of interconnected food chains, showing the complex feeding relationships in an ecosystem.
- Nutrient cycling is the movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of living matter.
- Decomposers play a key role in nutrient cycling by breaking down dead organisms and returning nutrients to the soil.
- Energy flows through an ecosystem, while nutrients are recycled.
Tropical rainforest
- Tropical rainforests are found near the equator where it is hot and wet all year round.
- They have high biodiversity and dense, layered vegetation.
- Plants are adapted to compete for sunlight, for example by growing tall or having large leaves.
- Animals are adapted to life in the trees, such as monkeys and birds, and many species live in the canopy.
Hot desert
- Hot deserts have very low and irregular rainfall, and extreme temperatures with hot days and cold nights.
- Vegetation is sparse and adapted to survive with little water.
- Plants may have thick stems for water storage, spines instead of leaves to reduce water loss, and deep roots.
- Animals are often nocturnal to avoid the heat, and some can survive with very little water.
Savanna
- Savannas are tropical grasslands with scattered trees, found between rainforests and deserts.
- They have a distinct wet and dry season.
- Plants are adapted to fire and drought, with deep roots and fire-resistant bark.
- Large grazing animals, such as zebras and wildebeest, are common, along with predators like lions.
Taiga
- The taiga, or boreal forest, is found in high northern latitudes with long, cold winters and short growing seasons.
- It is dominated by coniferous trees, such as pine, spruce and fir, which have needle-like leaves to reduce water loss.
- The soil is often acidic and nutrient-poor, and decomposition is slow in the cold climate.
- Animals include bears, wolves, and migratory birds, many of which are adapted to the cold.
Tundra
- Tundra is found in the far north and on high mountains, where it is very cold and windy.
- There is a short growing season and permafrost, which is permanently frozen ground.
- Vegetation is low-growing, such as mosses, lichens, grasses and shrubs, because roots cannot penetrate the permafrost.
- Animals have thick fur or fat layers, and some migrate or hibernate to survive the extreme cold.
How plants and animals adapt
- Adaptations are features that help organisms survive in their biome.
- Plants adapt to climate through features like leaf shape, root depth, and water storage.
- Animals adapt through behaviour, such as hibernation or migration, and physical features, such as thick fur or camouflage.
- The same type of biome in different parts of the world can contain species with similar adaptations, even if they are not closely related.
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練習題
免費預覽——59 題中的 8 題。註冊即可查看全部。
1.What is a biome?
Easy- AA distinct geographical region with specific climate, vegetation, animal life and an ecosystem
- BA single food chain found in a pond
- CA type of soil found only in deserts
- DA group of organisms of the same species living in one area
2.Who added the climatic and soil aspects to the idea of an ecosystem in 1935?
Easy- AArthur Tansley
- BLeslie Holdridge
- CWhittaker
- DAllee
3.Which two abiotic factors did Whittaker use to classify biomes?
Medium- APrecipitation and temperature
- BSoil type and wind speed
- CLatitude and longitude
- DSunlight and humidity
4.Which of the following are principal biome-types listed by Allee (1949)? (Select all that apply.)
Medium- ATundra
- BTaiga
- CDeciduous forest
- DCoral reef
- ETropical forest
5.The International Biological Program projects popularized the concept of biome between 1964 and 1974.
EasyTrue or false?
6.Match each scientist or program with their contribution to the study of biomes.
Medium- Arthur Tansley
- International Biological Program
- Leslie Holdridge
- Whittaker
- Added climatic and soil aspects to the idea of an ecosystem in 1935
- Popularized the concept of biome between 1964 and 1974
- Classified climates based on temperature and rainfall effects on vegetation
- Classified biomes using precipitation and temperature
7.Place the following events in the correct chronological order, from earliest to latest.
Medium- Arthur Tansley adds climatic and soil aspects to the idea of an ecosystem
- Leslie Holdridge classifies climates based on temperature and rainfall
- International Biological Program projects popularize the concept of biome
- Whittaker publishes his biome-types classification
8.Which two factors did Whittaker use to classify biomes?
Medium- APrecipitation and temperature
- BSoil and sunlight
- CWind and humidity
- DLatitude and altitude
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