Elizabeth I and the Elizabethan age
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課程筆記
The Elizabethan Age: An Overview
- The Elizabethan era covers the reign of Queen Elizabeth I from 1558 to 1603.
- It is often called the 'golden age' of English history because of effective government, a prospering economy, and cultural achievements.
- The period was a rare time of internal peace between the Wars of the Roses, the English Reformation, and the later English Civil War.
- England became wealthier than many European countries, helped by trans-Atlantic trade and privateering.
- The Protestant Reformation became more accepted by the people during this time.
- It was the last period in English history before the royal union with Scotland.
Elizabeth's Accession and the Religious Settlement
- Elizabeth I became queen in 1558 after inheriting a virtually bankrupt state.
- She was a Protestant, but many of her subjects, especially in the north, remained Catholic.
- The Elizabethan Religious Settlement aimed to settle the religious conflict for a time by establishing a Protestant Church of England.
- The settlement was a compromise that kept some Catholic traditions while making Protestantism the official religion.
- Parliament was not yet strong enough to challenge royal absolutism, so Elizabeth could often govern as she wished.
The Threat from Mary, Queen of Scots
- Mary, Queen of Scots was a Catholic and the main rival to Elizabeth's throne.
- High officials in Madrid, Paris, and Rome sought to kill Elizabeth and replace her with Mary.
- The Ridolfi Plot of 1570 was a conspiracy to overthrow Elizabeth, but it was thwarted.
- The Throckmorton Plot of 1584 was discovered after Francis Throckmorton confessed to a plan to restore the Catholic Church in England.
- The Babington Plot most directly led to Mary's execution; it was uncovered by Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth's spy master, using a double agent named Gilbert Gifford.
- Mary was executed in 1587, removing a key focus for Catholic plots.
Conflict with Spain and the Spanish Armada
- England's major rival was Habsburg Spain, leading to the undeclared Anglo-Spanish War of 1585–1604.
- In 1588, Philip II of Spain attempted to invade England with the Spanish Armada.
- The Spanish Armada was famously defeated by the English navy, helped by bad weather and effective tactics.
- Elizabethan England avoided major military defeats and built up a powerful navy.
- Much of England's wealth came from privateering—raiding Spanish treasure ships and settlements.
Exploration and Privateering
- England began to engage in international exploration and expansion during Elizabeth's reign.
- Sir Francis Drake was a famous privateer and explorer who raided Spanish ships and territories.
- Sir Walter Raleigh was an explorer who attempted to establish an English colony in North America (Roanoke).
- English sailors also engaged in the trans-Atlantic trade, including the selling of African slaves.
- Privateering brought great wealth to England but also increased tensions with Spain.
Government and Economy
- Elizabeth inherited a bankrupt state but her frugal policies restored fiscal responsibility.
- The regime was cleared of debt by 1574, and ten years later the Crown enjoyed a surplus of £300,000.
- Sir Thomas Gresham founded the Royal Exchange in 1565, the first stock exchange in England.
- Taxes were lower than in other European countries, which helped the economy expand.
- Wealth was distributed unevenly, but there was more wealth overall by the end of Elizabeth's reign.
The Poor and the Poor Laws
- Despite general prosperity, many people remained poor, and the gap between rich and poor was wide.
- The Poor Laws were a series of laws passed to deal with poverty and vagrancy.
- The Poor Law of 1601 (the 'Old Poor Law') made each parish responsible for its own poor.
- The laws distinguished between the deserving poor (the old, sick, and unemployed) and the idle poor (vagabonds).
- Vagabonds could be punished harshly, including being whipped or sent to a house of correction.
The Elizabethan Theatre and Golden Age Culture
- The Elizabethan era saw a flowering of poetry, music, literature, and especially theatre.
- William Shakespeare was the most famous playwright, breaking new ground in drama.
- The Globe Theatre was built in 1599 and hosted many of Shakespeare's plays.
- Theatre was popular across social classes, from the poor to the wealthy.
- Other playwrights included Christopher Marlowe and Ben Jonson.
- The 'golden age' label reflects the cultural achievements and relative peace of the period.
Plots and the Succession
- The Essex Rebellion of 1601 was led by the Earl of Essex; his supporters paid for a performance of Richard II at the Globe Theatre to stir up ill will against the monarchy.
- The rebellion failed and Essex was executed.
- Elizabeth gave James VI of Scotland an annual annuity which helped maintain peace between England and Scotland.
- James maintained a secret correspondence with Elizabeth's ministers and it became clear he would be her successor.
- After Elizabeth's death in 1603, James VI of Scotland became James I of England, uniting the crowns.
- Plots continued in the new reign, including the Bye Plot (1603) and the Gunpowder Plot (1605).
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練習題
免費預覽——57 題中的 8 題。註冊即可查看全部。
1.In which years did Elizabeth I reign as Queen of England?
Easy- A1558–1603
- B1509–1547
- C1603–1625
- D1547–1558
2.Which event is traditionally seen as the start of the Elizabethan era?
Easy- AThe defeat of the Spanish Armada
- BThe accession of Elizabeth I
- CThe execution of Mary, Queen of Scots
- DThe founding of the Royal Exchange
3.Which of the following was a major aim of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement?
Medium- ATo restore Catholicism as the official religion
- BTo make England a Calvinist state
- CTo end religious conflict by establishing a moderate Protestant Church
- DTo give full religious freedom to all groups
4.Which of the following were threats or plots against Elizabeth I? (Select all that apply)
Medium- AThe Ridolfi Plot
- BThe Throckmorton Plot
- CThe Babington Plot
- DThe Gunpowder Plot
- EThe Bye Plot
5.Which of the following were features of the Elizabethan era? (Select all that apply)
Medium- AThe flowering of English theatre, with playwrights such as William Shakespeare
- BThe establishment of the Royal Exchange
- CThe English Civil War
- DThe defeat of the Spanish Armada
- EThe union of the English and Scottish crowns
6.The Spanish Armada was defeated in 1588.
EasyTrue or false?
7.Elizabeth I was a Catholic queen who persecuted Protestants.
EasyTrue or false?
8.Match each person with their role or action.
Medium- Francis Walsingham
- Mary, Queen of Scots
- Philip II of Spain
- William Shakespeare
- Elizabeth's spy master
- Catholic claimant to the English throne
- King of Spain who sent the Armada
- Playwright of the Elizabethan era
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