Exercise, asthma and smoking

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課程筆記

Effects of Exercise on Gas Exchange

During exercise, muscles need more oxygen to produce energy.
Breathing rate increases to take in more oxygen and expel more carbon dioxide.
Heart rate increases to circulate oxygen-rich blood to muscles.
Regular exercise can increase lung capacity over time, improving gas exchange efficiency.

Asthma and Its Effects

Asthma affects the airways (bronchi and bronchioles), making breathing difficult.
Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.
During an attack: muscles around airways tighten, lining becomes swollen and inflamed, and more mucus is produced.
These changes reduce airflow and gas exchange efficiency in the alveoli.
Triggers include exercise, allergies, cold air, and smoke.
Inhalers relax airway muscles, opening the airways.

Harmful Substances in Cigarette Smoke

Nicotine is addictive and increases heart rate and blood pressure.
Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin more strongly than oxygen, reducing oxygen transport.
Tar coats the lungs, damages cilia, and contains carcinogens (cancer-causing substances).

Effects of Smoking on the Respiratory System

Damaged cilia cannot remove mucus, leading to mucus buildup in airways.
This can cause bronchitis and emphysema.
Tar's carcinogens increase the risk of lung cancer.

Measuring Lung Volume

Use water displacement with an upside-down bottle.
Fill a large container with water and submerge an empty bottle, keeping the opening underwater.
Inhale deeply, then exhale into a tube connected to the bottle.
Exhaled air displaces water; the volume of displaced water equals lung volume.

Comparison of normal and asthmatic airways showing constriction, swelling, and mucus.

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1.Which substance in cigarette smoke is addictive?
Easy
- ACarbon monoxide
- BTar
- CNicotine
- DCarcinogens
2.During exercise, what happens to heart rate and why?
Medium
- AHeart rate decreases to conserve energy.
- BHeart rate increases to circulate oxygen-rich blood to muscles.
- CHeart rate remains the same because breathing rate increases.
- DHeart rate increases to reduce carbon dioxide levels only.
3.Which of the following is NOT a trigger for asthma attacks?
Easy
- AExercise
- BAllergies
- CCold air
- DHigh blood pressure
4.During an asthma attack, the muscles around the bronchi and bronchioles tighten. What is the effect?
Easy
- AThe diameter of the airways increases.
- BThe diameter of the airways decreases.
- CThe airways produce less mucus.
- DThe lining of the airways becomes thinner.
5.Why is carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke poisonous?
Medium
- AIt damages the cilia in the airways.
- BIt binds to haemoglobin more effectively than oxygen, reducing oxygen transport.
- CIt causes the airways to produce more mucus.
- DIt increases heart rate and blood pressure.
6.Which of the following is a method to measure lung volume described in the source?
Easy
- AUsing a spirometer with a mouthpiece and a rotating drum.
- BWater displacement with an upside-down bottle.
- CMeasuring chest expansion with a tape measure.
- DUsing a peak flow meter to measure exhalation speed.
7.Tar in cigarette smoke damages cilia. What is a likely consequence?
Medium
- AIncreased oxygen absorption in the alveoli.
- BMucus builds up and sticks to the airways, potentially leading to bronchitis.
- CThe lungs become more efficient at gas exchange.
- DThe airways widen, making breathing easier.
8.How does regular exercise affect lung capacity over time?
Easy
- AIt decreases lung capacity due to increased demand.
- BIt has no effect on lung capacity.
- CIt increases lung capacity, improving gas exchange efficiency.
- DIt only increases lung capacity in people with asthma.

更多題目

9.During exercise, which of the following increases to meet the higher oxygen demand of muscles?
Easy
- ABreathing rate and heart rate
- BBreathing rate only
- CHeart rate only
- DNeither breathing rate nor heart rate
10.A student measures their lung volume using water displacement before and after a 6-week exercise programme. They find that their lung volume increased by 15%. Which statement best explains this change?
Medium
- ARegular exercise strengthens the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, allowing deeper breaths
- BExercise increases the number of alveoli in the lungs
- CExercise reduces the amount of mucus in the airways
- DExercise decreases the heart rate, so more blood flows to the lungs
11.A person's lung volume is measured as 4.5 dm³ using water displacement. They then inhale deeply and exhale fully into the apparatus. The volume of water displaced is 3.6 dm³. What is the person's tidal volume if their vital capacity is 4.5 dm³?
Hard
- A0.9 dm³
- B3.6 dm³
- C4.5 dm³
- D8.1 dm³
12.Which of the following is a trigger for asthma attacks mentioned in the source?
Easy
- AAllergies
- BDrinking water
- CEating sugar
- DListening to music
13.During an asthma attack, which of the following changes reduces the diameter of the airways?
Medium
- AMuscles around the bronchi and bronchioles tighten
- BThe lining of the bronchi and bronchioles becomes swollen
- CIncreased mucus production
- DAll of the above
14.A student with asthma uses an inhaler before exercise. The inhaler contains a drug that relaxes the muscles around the bronchi and bronchioles. What effect does this have on gas exchange?
Medium
- AIt increases the diameter of airways, allowing more air to reach the alveoli
- BIt decreases the diameter of airways, reducing airflow
- CIt increases mucus production, blocking airways
- DIt has no effect on gas exchange
15.Which substance in cigarette smoke binds to haemoglobin more strongly than oxygen?
Easy
- ACarbon monoxide
- BNicotine
- CTar
- DCarcinogens
16.A smoker has a lower blood oxygen concentration than a non-smoker. Which component of cigarette smoke is most directly responsible?
Medium
- ACarbon monoxide
- BNicotine
- CTar
- DCarcinogens
17.The diagram below shows the effect of smoking on cilia. Which of the following best describes the role of cilia in the respiratory system?
Easy
- ATo move mucus and trapped particles out of the airways
- BTo produce mucus
- CTo exchange gases in the alveoli
- DTo constrict the bronchi
18.A student measures their lung volume using water displacement and obtains a value of 3.2 dm³. Which of the following best represents this measurement?
Medium
- AVital capacity
- BTidal volume
- CResidual volume
- DTotal lung capacity
19.The graph below shows the effect of exercise on breathing rate over time. At time 0, the person starts exercising. Which pattern best represents the change in breathing rate?
Easy
- AA gradual increase then a plateau
- BA gradual decrease
- CNo change
- DA sudden drop then recovery
20.A student measures lung volume using water displacement. They fill a large container with water, submerge an empty bottle upside down, and exhale into a tube connected to the bottle. The water displaced is 3.5 dm³. What does this 3.5 dm³ represent?
Medium
- AThe student's total lung capacity
- BThe volume of air exhaled in one breath
- CThe volume of water originally in the bottle
- DThe volume of air inhaled in one breath
21.During an asthma attack, the lining of the bronchi and bronchioles becomes swollen and inflamed. What direct effect does this have on gas exchange?
Medium
- AIt increases the rate of oxygen diffusion into the blood
- BIt reduces the flow of air into and out of the alveoli
- CIt increases the surface area of the alveoli
- DIt decreases the production of mucus
22.A student measures their lung volume before and after a 6-week exercise programme. Before: 3.2 dm³. After: 3.7 dm³. What is the percentage increase in lung volume?
Medium
- A15.6%
- B13.5%
- C0.5%
- D86.5%
23.Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin more strongly than oxygen. What is the consequence for a smoker?
Medium
- AIncreased oxygen transport to cells
- BReduced oxygen transport to cells
- CIncreased carbon dioxide transport
- DReduced carbon dioxide transport
24.A student wants to investigate the effect of exercise on breathing rate. They measure breaths per minute at rest, then after 1 minute of running, then after 2 minutes, and so on. Which of the following is the dependent variable?
Easy
- ATime spent running
- BBreathing rate
- CType of exercise
- DAge of student
25.Which substance in cigarette smoke is described as addictive?
Easy
- ATar
- BCarbon monoxide
- CNicotine
- DCarcinogens
26.During exercise, why does breathing rate increase?
Easy
- ATo decrease oxygen intake
- BTo remove more carbon dioxide and take in more oxygen
- CTo cool down the body
- DTo increase lung volume permanently
27.A student uses a spirometer to measure lung volume. They inhale normally, then exhale as much as possible into the spirometer. The volume recorded is 4.2 L. This measurement is best described as:
Medium
- ATotal lung capacity
- BVital capacity
- CTidal volume
- DResidual volume
28.Tar damages cilia in the airways. What is the likely consequence of damaged cilia?
Medium
- AIncreased mucus removal from airways
- BMucus builds up and sticks to airways
- CDecreased mucus production
- DIncreased oxygen absorption
29.A student measures lung volume using water displacement. They fill a bottle completely with water, invert it in a container, and exhale into it. After exhaling, the water level in the bottle is at 1.2 L. The bottle's total capacity is 2.0 L. What volume of air did the student exhale?
Medium
- A1.2 L
- B0.8 L
- C2.0 L
- D3.2 L
30.Which of the following is NOT a substance found in cigarette smoke according to the source?
Easy
- ANicotine
- BCarbon monoxide
- COxygen
- DTar
31.Which of the following is a true statement about exercise?
Easy
- ABreathing rate decreases during exercise.
- BHeart rate decreases during exercise.
- CBreathing rate increases during exercise.
- DLung capacity decreases with regular exercise.
32.What substance in cigarette smoke is addictive?
Easy
- ACarbon monoxide
- BTar
- CNicotine
- DCarcinogens
33.Which of the following can trigger an asthma attack?
Easy
- AExercise
- BDrinking water
- CSleeping
- DEating vegetables
34.What are cilia?
Easy
- ATiny hair-like structures that help keep airways clean
- BLarge cells that produce mucus
- CMuscles that surround the bronchi
- DBlood vessels in the lungs
35.Tar in cigarette smoke contains substances that can cause cancer. What are these substances called?
Easy
- AAddictives
- BCarcinogens
- CAntioxidants
- DPathogens
36.During an asthma attack, which of the following occurs?
Medium
- AThe airways widen and mucus production decreases.
- BThe muscles around the bronchi relax and the lining becomes less swollen.
- CThe muscles around the bronchi tighten and the lining becomes swollen.
- DThe alveoli collapse and stop gas exchange.
37.How does carbon monoxide affect oxygen transport in the body?
Medium
- AIt increases the amount of oxygen that can be carried by haemoglobin.
- BIt binds to haemoglobin more strongly than oxygen, reducing oxygen transport.
- CIt breaks down red blood cells, reducing haemoglobin levels.
- DIt stimulates the production of more red blood cells.
38.Which of the following statements about regular exercise is correct?
Easy
- ARegular exercise decreases lung capacity.
- BRegular exercise has no effect on lung capacity.
- CRegular exercise can increase lung capacity over time.
- DRegular exercise only affects heart rate, not lung capacity.
39.Which of the following is NOT a symptom of asthma?
Easy
- AWheezing
- BCoughing
- CShortness of breath
- DIncreased lung capacity
40.A student uses water displacement to measure lung volume. They fill a bottle completely with water, invert it in a container, and exhale into it. After exhaling, the bottle contains 4.2 dm³ of air. What does this measurement represent?
Medium
- ATotal lung capacity
- BTidal volume
- CThe volume of air exhaled after a deep inhalation
- DResidual volume
41.When you exercise, your breathing rate increases.
Easy
True or false?
42.Nicotine is addictive.
Easy
True or false?
43.Allergies can trigger an asthma attack.
Easy
True or false?
44.Tar contains carcinogens.
Easy
True or false?
45.Cilia are tiny hair-like structures that remove mucus.
Easy
True or false?
46.Match each substance in cigarette smoke (left) with its primary effect on the body (right).
Medium
- Nicotine
- Carbon monoxide
- Tar
- Addictive, increases heart rate
- Reduces oxygen transport
- Damages cilia, contains carcinogens
47.Place the following events in the correct order during an asthma attack. (1 = first, 4 = last)
Medium
- Muscles around airways tighten
- Airways produce more mucus
- Lining of airways becomes swollen and inflamed
- Airflow into and out of lungs is reduced
48.Which of the following are effects of regular exercise? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AIncreased lung capacity
- BDecreased heart rate at rest
- CImproved efficiency of gas exchange
- DIncreased risk of asthma attacks
49.During an asthma attack, which of the following directly reduces the diameter of the airways?
Medium
- AIncreased mucus production
- BSwelling of the lining
- CTightening of muscles around bronchi and bronchioles
- DDamage to cilia
50.A student with asthma uses an inhaler before exercise. The inhaler contains a drug that relaxes the muscles around the bronchi and bronchioles. What effect does this have on the airways?
Medium
- AThe diameter of the airways decreases.
- BThe diameter of the airways increases.
- CThe lining of the airways becomes more inflamed.
- DMucus production increases.
51.Describe how you could measure lung volume using water displacement.
Medium
52.A student measures their lung volume using water displacement. They fill a 5 dm³ bottle completely with water, invert it in a container, and exhale into it. After exhaling, the bottle contains 3.2 dm³ of air. What is the student's lung volume in dm³?
Easy
53.Complete the sentences about the effects of smoking.
Medium
Nicotine is an ____ substance. Carbon monoxide binds to ____ in red blood cells. Tar contains ____ that can cause cancer.
54.A student measures their lung volume using water displacement. They fill a 5 dm³ bottle completely with water, invert it in a container, and exhale into it. After exhaling, the remaining water in the bottle is 1.2 dm³. What is the student's lung volume in dm³?
Medium
55.State one factor that can trigger an asthma attack.
Easy
56.State and explain what happens to your breathing rate and heart rate during exercise.
Medium
57.Describe how you could measure lung volume.
Medium
58.Describe why tar in cigarettes is harmful.
Medium
59.State three potential triggers of an asthma attack.
Easy
60.Describe what happens to the respiratory system during an asthma attack.
Medium
61.A student measures their lung volume using water displacement. They fill a 5 dm³ bottle completely with water, invert it in a container, and exhale into it. After exhaling, the bottle contains 3.2 dm³ of air. What is the student's lung volume in dm³?
Easy
- A4.2 dm³
- B3.2 dm³
- C2.2 dm³
- D5.2 dm³
62.A student measures their lung volume using water displacement. They fill a 5 dm³ bottle completely with water, invert it in a container, and exhale into it. After exhaling, the remaining water in the bottle is 1.2 dm³. What is the student's lung volume in dm³?
Medium
- A3.8 dm³
- B2.8 dm³
- C4.8 dm³
- D5.8 dm³

複習筆記

## Exercise, Asthma & Smoking ### Exercise - Muscles need more oxygen for energy → **breathing rate** and **heart rate** increase. - Regular exercise can **increase lung capacity**, improving gas exchange efficiency. ### Asthma - A condition where airways (bronchi, bronchioles) narrow, making breathing difficult. - **Symptoms**: wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, chest tightness. - **During an attack**: - Muscles around airways tighten (reduce diameter). - Lining becomes swollen and inflamed. - More mucus is produced, blocking airflow. - **Triggers**: exercise, allergies, cold air, smoke. - **Treatment**: inhalers relax muscles, opening airways. ### Smoking Cigarette smoke contains: - **Nicotine**: addictive; increases heart rate and blood pressure. - **Carbon monoxide**: binds to haemoglobin better than oxygen, reducing oxygen transport. - **Tar**: sticky; damages **cilia** (tiny hairs that remove mucus). Without cilia, mucus builds up → bronchitis, emphysema. Tar contains **carcinogens** (cancer-causing substances). ### Measuring Lung Volume - Use water displacement: fill a container with water, submerge an empty bottle upside down. Inhale deeply, exhale into a tube connected to the bottle. Exhaled air displaces water; volume of displaced water = lung volume.

Breathing rate: The number of breaths taken per minute; increases during exercise to take in more oxygen.
Heart rate: The number of heartbeats per minute; increases during exercise to circulate oxygen-rich blood.
Asthma: A condition where airways narrow due to muscle tightening, swelling, and mucus production, making breathing difficult.
Inhaler: A device that delivers medicine to relax muscles around airways, helping to open them.
Nicotine: An addictive substance in cigarettes that stimulates the nervous system, increasing heart rate and blood pressure.
Carbon monoxide: A poisonous gas in cigarette smoke that binds to haemoglobin more strongly than oxygen, reducing oxygen transport.
Tar: A sticky substance in cigarette smoke that damages cilia and contains carcinogens.
Cilia: Tiny hair-like structures in airways that remove mucus; damaged by tar.
Carcinogen: A substance that can cause cancer, found in tar.
Lung volume: The amount of air the lungs can hold; can be measured by water displacement.

字卡

How does exercise affect breathing rate?

During exercise, breathing rate increases to take in more oxygen and expel more carbon dioxide.

How does exercise affect heart rate?

Heart rate increases during exercise to circulate oxygen-rich blood to muscles.

What is a long-term effect of regular exercise on the lungs?

Regular exercise can increase lung capacity over time, improving gas exchange efficiency.

What is asthma?

Asthma is a condition that affects the airways (bronchi and bronchioles), making it difficult for air to move in and out of the lungs.

List three symptoms of asthma.

Wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness are symptoms.

What happens to the muscles around the bronchi during an asthma attack?

The muscles tighten, reducing the diameter of the airways.

What happens to the lining of the bronchi during an asthma attack?

The lining becomes swollen and inflamed.

How does mucus production change during an asthma attack?

More mucus is produced, which blocks airflow and makes breathing difficult.

How does an asthma attack affect gas exchange?

It reduces the efficiency of gas exchange in the alveoli by limiting airflow into and out of the lungs.

Name three triggers of asthma attacks.

Exercise, allergies, cold air, or smoke can trigger asthma attacks.

How do inhalers help during an asthma attack?

Inhalers relax the muscles around the bronchi and bronchioles, opening the airways and making breathing easier.

What is nicotine?

Nicotine is an addictive substance in cigarette smoke that stimulates the nervous system, increasing heart rate and blood pressure.

Why is carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke poisonous?

Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells more effectively than oxygen, reducing the blood's capacity to transport oxygen.

What is tar?

Tar is a sticky substance in cigarette smoke that coats the inside of the lungs and damages cilia.

What are cilia and what is their function?

Cilia are tiny hair-like structures that help keep the airways clean by removing mucus.

How does tar affect cilia?

Tar damages cilia, causing mucus to build up and stick to the airways.

What health conditions can result from tar buildup?

Tar buildup can lead to bronchitis and emphysema.

What are carcinogens?

Carcinogens are substances that can cause cancer; tar contains carcinogens.

Describe a method to measure lung volume using water displacement.

Fill a large container with water, submerge an empty bottle upside down with its opening underwater, inhale deeply, then exhale into a tube connected to the bottle. The displaced water volume equals lung volume.

True or false: When you exercise, your breathing rate increases.

True.

True or false: Nicotine is addictive.

True.

True or false: Allergies can trigger an asthma attack.

True.

True or false: Tar contains carcinogens.

True.

True or false: Cilia are tiny hair-like structures that remove mucus.

True.

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