The skeleton

邊玩邊學

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課程筆記

Functions of the Skeleton

Support: provides a solid framework that maintains body shape.
Protection: shields vital organs, e.g., the ribcage protects the heart and lungs.
Movement: bones work with muscles; muscles attach to bones via tendons and pull on them to create movement at joints.
Blood cell production: bone marrow inside some bones produces red and white blood cells.
Storage: stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus for bone strength and release when needed.

The skeleton supports the body, protects organs and works with muscles to allow movement at joints.

Major Parts of the Skeleton

Skull: made of many fused bones; protects the brain and forms the face.
Spine (Vertebral Column): 33 stacked vertebrae; supports body weight and protects the spinal cord.
Ribcage: 12 pairs of ribs; protects heart and lungs, supports upper body, aids breathing.
Pelvis: bowl-shaped; supports upper body weight and protects lower abdomen organs (bladder, intestines).
Limbs: arms (humerus, radius, ulna) and legs (femur, tibia, fibula); hands and feet have many small bones for range of movement.

Bones of the Arm

Humerus: upper arm bone.
Radius: outer forearm bone (thumb side).
Ulna: inner forearm bone (little finger side).

Bones of the Leg

Femur: thigh bone (longest bone in the body).
Tibia: shin bone (larger, weight-bearing).
Fibula: thinner lower leg bone (beside tibia).

Joints and Movement

Joints are where two bones meet, allowing movement.
Muscles contract and pull on bones via tendons to create movement.
Skeletal muscles work in antagonistic pairs (one contracts, the other relaxes).

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練習題

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1.How many bones does the human skeleton contain?
Easy
- A206
- B106
- C306
- D256
2.Which of the following is a function of the skeleton?
Easy
- AProtection of vital organs
- BDigestion of food
- CPumping blood
- DProducing hormones
3.What attaches muscles to bones?
Easy
- ATendons
- BLigaments
- CCartilage
- DJoints
4.Which of the following bones is found in the leg?
Easy
- AFemur
- BHumerus
- CRadius
- DUlna
5.What is produced in bone marrow?
Easy
- ARed and white blood cells
- BOnly red blood cells
- COnly white blood cells
- DPlatelets
6.How many pairs of ribs make up the ribcage?
Easy
- A12
- B10
- C14
- D24
7.What is the main function of the pelvis?
Easy
- ASupports the weight of the upper body and protects lower abdominal organs
- BProtects the brain
- CAllows movement of the legs
- DProduces blood cells
8.Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeleton?
Easy
- ADigestion of food
- BSupport
- CMovement
- DStorage of minerals

更多題目

9.Which part of the skeleton protects the spinal cord?
Easy
- ASpine (vertebral column)
- BSkull
- CRibcage
- DPelvis
10.How do muscles and bones work together to produce movement?
Medium
- AMuscles contract and pull on bones via tendons at joints
- BBones push against muscles to create movement
- CMuscles expand and push bones apart
- DBones move independently of muscles
11.Which of the following is a bone found in the arm?
Easy
- AHumerus
- BFemur
- CTibia
- DFibula
12.What minerals are stored in bones?
Easy
- ACalcium and phosphorus
- BIron and magnesium
- CSodium and potassium
- DZinc and copper
13.A patient has a condition that reduces the production of blood cells. Which part of the skeleton is most likely affected?
Medium
- ABone marrow
- BSpine
- CRibcage
- DSkull
14.A person has a diet low in calcium. Which function of the skeleton is most directly affected?
Medium
- AMovement
- BStorage of minerals
- CProtection of organs
- DProduction of blood cells
15.A child has a fracture in a bone that heals completely. Which cells are responsible for producing new bone tissue?
Medium
- ARed blood cells
- BWhite blood cells
- COsteoblasts
- DChondrocytes
16.Which of the following is an example of the skeleton providing protection?
Medium
- AThe femur supports the weight of the body
- BThe skull encases the brain
- CThe pelvis holds the lower abdomen organs
- DThe spine allows bending
17.A patient has a spinal cord injury. Which part of the skeleton is most likely damaged?
Easy
- APelvis
- BSkull
- CRibcage
- DVertebral column
18.A person has a disease that weakens the bones, making them more likely to fracture. Which mineral stored in bones is likely deficient?
Medium
- AIron
- BCalcium
- CSodium
- DPotassium
19.How many bones are in the human ribcage (excluding the sternum)?
Easy
- A12
- B24
- C6
- D36
20.A patient has a broken humerus. Which part of the body is injured?
Easy
- ALeg
- BArm
- CRibcage
- DSpine
21.Which of the following correctly describes the role of tendons?
Easy
- ATendons connect bones to bones
- BTendons connect muscles to bones
- CTendons connect muscles to muscles
- DTendons produce blood cells
22.How many vertebrae make up the human spine?
Easy
- A33
- B24
- C12
- D206
23.A student investigates the effect of exercise on the number of breaths per minute. Which part of the skeleton is most directly involved in the process of breathing?
Medium
- AThe ribcage
- BThe pelvis
- CThe skull
- DThe femur
24.In an experiment, a student measures the length of the femur and tibia in several individuals. Which of the following is the best hypothesis about the relationship between these two bones?
Medium
- AThe length of the femur is directly proportional to the length of the tibia.
- BThe femur is always longer than the tibia.
- CThe tibia is always longer than the femur.
- DThere is no relationship between femur and tibia length.
25.A patient has a condition that reduces the production of red blood cells. Which part of the skeleton is most likely affected?
Medium
- ABone marrow in the femur
- BThe skull
- CThe spine
- DThe ribcage
26.A student is asked to design an experiment to test the strength of different bones. Which of the following would be a valid method?
Medium
- AApply increasing force to bones of the same size and measure the force at which they break.
- BCompare the lengths of different bones without applying force.
- CWeigh the bones and see which is heaviest.
- DSoak bones in water and measure how much water they absorb.
27.A student observes that a chicken bone soaked in vinegar becomes soft and flexible. Which conclusion is best supported by this observation?
Medium
- AVinegar removes calcium from the bone, making it flexible.
- BVinegar adds water to the bone, making it softer.
- CVinegar dissolves the bone completely.
- DVinegar strengthens the bone.
28.In a practical investigation, a student uses a model arm made of cardboard and elastic bands to represent muscles. What is the role of the elastic bands in this model?
Medium
- AThey represent muscles that contract and pull on the bones.
- BThey represent bones that provide structure.
- CThey represent tendons that attach muscles to bones.
- DThey represent joints that allow movement.
29.Which of the following bones is part of the human leg?
Easy
- AFemur
- BHumerus
- CRadius
- DUlna
30.Which of the following bones is found in the arm?
Easy
- ARadius
- BFemur
- CTibia
- DFibula
31.How many bones are in the human skeleton?
Easy
- A206
- B200
- C212
- D180
32.Which of the following correctly describes the role of the pelvis?
Easy
- AIt supports the weight of the upper body and protects lower abdominal organs.
- BIt protects the heart and lungs.
- CIt protects the brain.
- DIt supports the head and neck.
33.A student investigates the strength of different bones by dropping weights onto them from a fixed height. Which of the following is the independent variable?
Medium
- Athe type of bone
- Bthe height from which the weight is dropped
- Cthe strength of the bone
- Dthe mass of the weight
34.In an experiment, a student measures the length of the femur and the height of several individuals. The results show a strong positive correlation. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?
Hard
- ALonger femurs cause greater height.
- BGreater height causes longer femurs.
- CBoth height and femur length are influenced by genetics and nutrition.
- DFemur length and height are unrelated.
35.A patient has a condition that reduces the production of white blood cells. Which part of the skeleton is most likely affected?
Medium
- Athe skull
- Bthe ribcage
- Cthe bone marrow
- Dthe pelvis
36.Which of the following bones is NOT part of the human leg?
Easy
- Afemur
- Btibia
- Chumerus
- Dfibula
37.How many pairs of ribs make up the human ribcage?
Easy
- A10
- B12
- C14
- D24
38.A student designs a model arm using cardboard for bones and elastic bands for muscles. When the elastic band on the front of the arm is shortened, the arm bends. Which muscle action does this model represent?
Medium
- Arelaxation of the extensor muscle
- Bcontraction of the flexor muscle
- Ccontraction of the extensor muscle
- Drelaxation of the flexor muscle
39.Which of the following is a function of the skeleton that is NOT directly related to movement?
Medium
- Aproviding attachment points for muscles
- Bproducing blood cells
- Cacting as levers for muscles to pull on
- Dforming joints that allow movement
40.A student measures the length of the femur in a group of people and records the data. Which of the following is the best way to present the data?
Medium
- Aa bar chart
- Ba line graph
- Ca scatter graph
- Da pie chart
41.The human skeleton has 206 bones.
Easy
True or false?
42.The femur is one of the main bones in the arm.
Easy
True or false?
43.Bone marrow produces white and red blood cells.
Easy
True or false?
44.Muscles are attached to bones by tendons.
Easy
True or false?
45.Match each bone to its location.
Easy
- Femur
- Humerus
- Tibia
- Leg
- Arm
46.Put the following steps in the correct order to describe how muscles and bones produce movement:
Medium
- Muscle contracts
- Tendon pulls on bone
- Bone moves at joint
- Muscle relaxes
47.Match each bone to its correct location in the body.
Easy
- Humerus
- Tibia
- Radius
- Arm
- Leg
48.Which of the following are functions of the skeleton? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- ASupport
- BDigestion
- CProtection
- DStorage of minerals
49.A patient has a condition that reduces the amount of calcium stored in bones. Which function of the skeleton is most directly affected?
Medium
- AMovement
- BProtection
- CStorage of minerals
- DProduction of blood cells
50.The pelvis protects the bladder and intestines.
Easy
True or false?
51.Complete the sentence.
Easy
The skeleton provides a solid framework that supports the body's ____.
52.Complete the sentence: The ribcage consists of ___ pairs of ribs.
Easy
The ribcage consists of ____ pairs of ribs.
53.
A student measures the length of the femur and tibia in five people and records the data in the table below. Calculate the mean length of the femur (in cm) to one decimal place. Data: Femur lengths (cm): 45.2, 47.1, 44.8, 46.5, 45.9.
Person Femur length (cm)
1 45.2
2 47.1
3 44.8
4 46.5
5 45.9
Medium
54.Describe the role of the spine in the human body.
Easy
55.Describe the role of the pelvis in the human body.
Medium
56.
A student measures the length of the femur and tibia in five people and records the data in the table below. Calculate the mean length of the femur (in cm) to one decimal place. Data: Femur lengths (cm): 45.2, 47.1, 44.8, 46.5, 45.9.
Person Femur length (cm)
1 45.2
2 47.1
3 44.8
4 46.5
5 45.9
Medium
- A55.1 cm
- B45.9 cm
- C41.3 cm
- D50.5 cm

複習筆記

## The Skeleton - The human skeleton has **206 bones**. - **Five main functions**: 1. **Support** – provides a solid framework for body shape. 2. **Protection** – protects vital organs (e.g., ribcage protects heart and lungs). 3. **Movement** – bones work with muscles; muscles attach to bones via **tendons**; contraction pulls on bones to create movement at joints. 4. **Production of blood cells** – bone marrow produces red and white blood cells. 5. **Storage** – stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus for bone strength. ### Major Parts - **Skull** – many fused bones; protects brain and forms face. - **Spine (Vertebral Column)** – 33 vertebrae; supports body weight and protects spinal cord. - **Ribcage** – 12 pairs of ribs; protects heart and lungs; supports upper body; aids breathing. - **Pelvis** – bowl-shaped; supports upper body weight; protects lower abdomen organs (bladder, intestines). - **Limbs**: - **Arm bones**: humerus, radius, ulna. - **Leg bones**: femur, tibia, fibula. - Hands and feet have many small bones for wide range of movements.

Skeleton: The framework of bones supporting the body; has 206 bones in humans.
Bone marrow: Soft tissue inside some bones where red and white blood cells are produced.
Tendon: Tissue that attaches muscles to bones.
Vertebrae: The 33 bones that make up the spine (vertebral column).
Spinal cord: Bundle of nerves protected by the spine that sends messages between brain and body.
Ribcage: Structure of 12 pairs of ribs protecting the heart and lungs.
Pelvis: Bowl-shaped bone structure supporting upper body and protecting lower abdomen organs.
Humerus: Main bone in the upper arm.
Radius: One of the two main bones in the forearm (thumb side).
Ulna: One of the two main bones in the forearm (little finger side).
Femur: Main bone in the upper leg (thigh bone).
Tibia: Shin bone; one of the two main bones in the lower leg.
Fibula: Thin bone alongside the tibia in the lower leg.

字卡

How many bones are in the human skeleton?

The human skeleton has 206 bones.

What are the five main functions of the skeleton?

Support, protection, movement, production of blood cells, and storage of minerals.

Which organs does the ribcage protect?

The ribcage protects the heart and lungs.

What attaches muscles to bones?

Muscles are attached to bones by tendons.

Where are red and white blood cells produced?

Red and white blood cells are produced in bone marrow, a soft tissue inside some bones.

What minerals are stored in bones?

Bones store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus.

What does the skull protect?

The skull protects the brain and forms the structure of the face.

How many vertebrae make up the spine?

The spine is made up of 33 vertebrae.

What does the spine protect?

The spine protects the spinal cord, a bundle of nerves that sends messages between the brain and the body.

How many pairs of ribs are in the ribcage?

The ribcage consists of 12 pairs of ribs.

What is the shape of the pelvis?

The pelvis is a bowl-shaped structure.

What organs does the pelvis protect?

The pelvis protects organs in the lower abdomen, such as the bladder and intestines.

Name the main bones in the arm.

The main bones in the arm are the humerus, radius, and ulna.

Name the main bones in the leg.

The main bones in the leg are the femur, tibia, and fibula.

How do muscles and bones work together to create movement?

Muscles contract and pull on bones via tendons, creating movement at the joints.

What is the function of the spine?

The spine supports the body's weight and protects the spinal cord.

What is the function of the pelvis?

The pelvis supports the weight of the upper body and protects organs in the lower abdomen.

What is the function of the ribcage?

The ribcage protects the heart and lungs, supports the upper body, and plays a role in breathing.

True or false: The femur is one of the main bones in the arm.

False. The femur is a main bone in the leg.

True or false: Bone marrow produces white and red blood cells.

True.

True or false: Muscles are attached to bones by tendons.

True.

What is bone marrow?

Bone marrow is a soft tissue inside some bones where blood cells are produced.

Why do bones store calcium and phosphorus?

These minerals are important for bone strength and can be released into the body when needed.

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歷屆試題

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Person	Femur length (cm)
1	45.2
2	47.1
3	44.8
4	46.5
5	45.9

Person	Femur length (cm)
1	45.2
2	47.1
3	44.8
4	46.5
5	45.9