Acids and metals

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課程筆記

General Reaction

  • With dilute hydrochloric or dilute sulfuric acid, metal + acid → salt + hydrogen.
  • Hydrogen bubbles form at the metal; the mixture may also get warmer.
  • Metals above hydrogen in the reactivity series can displace it from these dilute acids.
  • Copper and gold do not react with dilute hydrochloric acid.

Reactivity and Vigour

  • Under the same conditions, a more reactive metal usually fizzes faster.
  • The reactivity series orders metals from most to least reactive.
  • Magnesium reacts more vigorously than iron with dilute hydrochloric acid.
  • Aluminium has a protective oxide layer, so its visible reaction rate is not always predicted by position alone.

Hydrochloric Acid Reactions

  • Hydrochloric acid forms metal chlorides.
  • Example: iron + hydrochloric acid → iron chloride + hydrogen
  • Example: magnesium + hydrochloric acid → magnesium chloride + hydrogen

Sulfuric Acid Reactions

  • Sulfuric acid forms metal sulfates.
  • Example: zinc + dilute sulfuric acid → zinc sulfate + hydrogen
  • Example: aluminium + dilute sulfuric acid → aluminium sulfate + hydrogen

Nitric Acid Reactions

  • Nitric acid can form metal nitrates, but metal reactions usually do not release hydrogen.
  • Concentrated nitric acid reacts with copper to make copper nitrate and toxic brown nitrogen dioxide.
  • This reaction must be demonstrated in a fume cupboard.

Non-Reactive Metals

  • Copper and gold do not react with dilute hydrochloric acid because they are below hydrogen in the reactivity series.
  • Copper can react with nitric acid, while gold does not react with nitric acid alone.

States of matter: particle arrangement in solid, liquid, and gas.

Particle arrangementSolidLiquidGas

投影片

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練習題

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  1. 1.Complete the general word equation for the reaction between a metal and an acid: metal + acid →

    Easy
    • Asalt + hydrogen
    • Bsalt + water
    • Cmetal oxide + hydrogen
    • Dmetal chloride + hydrogen
  2. 2.What is the product when magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid?

    Easy
    • Amagnesium chloride and hydrogen
    • Bmagnesium sulfate and hydrogen
    • Cmagnesium nitrate and hydrogen
    • Dmagnesium oxide and hydrogen
  3. 3.Which of the following is a sign that a chemical reaction is occurring when a metal is placed in an acid?

    Medium
    • Atemperature rise
    • Btemperature drop
    • Ccolour change only
    • Dprecipitate formation
  4. 4.Why is there no reaction between gold and hydrochloric acid?

    Medium
    • AGold is less reactive than hydrogen.
    • BGold is more reactive than hydrogen.
    • CGold does not react with any acid.
    • DGold is a noble gas.
  5. 5.What salt is formed when zinc reacts with dilute sulfuric acid?

    Easy
    • Azinc sulfate
    • Bzinc chloride
    • Czinc nitrate
    • Dzinc oxide
  6. 6.Which metal would react most vigorously with hydrochloric acid?

    Medium
    • Acalcium
    • Bmagnesium
    • Czinc
    • Diron
  7. 7.Which of the following reactions will NOT occur?

    Medium
    • Acopper + sulfuric acid
    • Bzinc + hydrochloric acid
    • Cmagnesium + nitric acid
    • Diron + hydrochloric acid
  8. 8.A student adds a metal to an acid and observes fizzing. Which metal is most likely being used?

    Easy
    • Amagnesium
    • Bcopper
    • Cgold
    • Dsilver

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