Network security and cyber threats

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Notes de leçon

Threats

Malware: malicious software including viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware and spyware.
Phishing: fake emails or websites to trick people into giving personal details. Social engineering (blagging, pretexting) tricks people rather than systems.
Brute-force attack: trying many passwords until one works. Denial of service (DoS/DDoS): flooding a server so it cannot respond. SQL injection: inserting code into forms to access databases. Data interception and eavesdropping; insider threat; weak passwords; unpatched software.

Recognising social engineering

Defences

Firewalls filter network traffic. Anti-malware software. Encryption scrambles data so only authorised users can read it. Strong passwords and authentication (two-factor). Access levels limit what users can do. Penetration testing (ethical hacking). Regular updates (patches). Backups. User education.

Encryption

Encryption transforms plaintext into ciphertext using a cryptographic algorithm and key. The appropriate decryption key recovers plaintext; symmetric and asymmetric schemes handle keys differently.
HTTPS uses TLS to protect communication in transit and authenticate the server. Encryption alone does not prevent deletion, denial of service or a deceptive website.

Encryption at rest and in transit

Why security matters

Protects personal data, finances and systems; legal duties (data protection law).

Diapos

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Questions d'entraînement

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1.What is malware?
Easy
- Amalicious software
- Ba type of hardware
- Ca protocol
- Da language
2.What is a virus?
Easy
- Amalware that attaches to files and spreads
- Ba firewall
- Ca router
- Da cable
3.What is phishing?
Easy
- Atricking people into revealing information
- Bflooding a server
- Cguessing passwords
- Dcopying files
4.What is a firewall?
Easy
- Aa system that filters network traffic using rules
- Ba device that detects fires
- Ca program that only sorts files
- Da cable carrying network signals
5.What does anti-malware do?
Easy
- Adetects and removes malicious software
- Bcreates malware deliberately
- Cincreases monitor resolution
- Dreplaces every network password
6.What is a brute-force attack?
Easy
- Atrying many passwords until one works
- Bsending fake emails
- Cflooding a server
- Dstealing a router
7.What is a DDoS attack?
Easy
- Amany computers flood a server with requests
- Ba password guess
- Ca fake email
- Da database trick
8.What is SQL injection?
Easy
- Auntrusted input changes a database command
- Ba program replicates by attaching to files
- Ca router forwards a packet
- Da password is changed by its owner

Plus de questions

9.What is social engineering?
Easy
- Atricking people into giving access or information
- Bbreaking encryption
- Cinstalling a firewall
- Dcoding
10.What is encryption?
Easy
- Aconverting data to a form unreadable without a key
- Bdeleting data
- Ccompressing data
- Dcopying data
11.What is a trojan?
Easy
- Amalware disguised as legitimate software
- Ba firewall
- Ca router
- Da cable
12.What does two-factor authentication improve?
Medium
- Asecurity by requiring two different factor categories
- Bprocessor speed
- Cstorage capacity
- Dfile compression
13.What is penetration testing?
Medium
- Aauthorised attempts to find weaknesses
- Bhacking for crime
- Ca virus
- Da firewall
14.Why update software regularly?
Medium
- Ato fix security flaws
- Bto slow it down
- Cto add errors
- Dto delete files
15.Why back up data?
Medium
- Ato recover it after loss or ransomware
- Bto slow computers
- Cto increase malware
- Dto delete files
16.What is ciphertext?
Medium
- Aencrypted data
- Bplain readable data
- Ca password
- Da virus
17.What is plaintext?
Medium
- Aunencrypted readable data
- Bencrypted data
- Ca key
- Da virus
18.Why are weak passwords a threat?
Medium
- Athey can be guessed or cracked easily
- Bthey are encrypted
- Cthey are long
- Dthey are random
19.Which defence best protects against phishing?
Medium
- Auser education
- Ba bigger monitor
- Cfaster CPU
- Dmore RAM
20.Which defence helps against a brute-force attack?
Medium
- Aaccount lockouts and strong passwords
- Blarger screens
- Cmore RAM
- Dmore cache
21.What is the weakness of relying on a firewall only?
Medium
- Ait cannot prevent every social-engineering deception
- Bit blocks every possible threat
- Cit eliminates the need for backups
- Dit makes all passwords unnecessary
22.What is an insider threat?
Medium
- Aa risk from someone within the organisation
- Ban outsider
- Ca virus
- Da hacker only
23.What does 'patch' mean?
Easy
- Aa software update to fix a problem
- Ba cable
- Ca virus
- Da firewall
24.What does 'spyware' do?
Easy
- Asecretly gathers information
- Bprotects data
- Cspeeds the CPU
- Ddeletes viruses
25.What is a worm?
Medium
- Amalware that spreads across networks by itself
- Ba firewall
- Ca cable
- Da router
26.What does HTTPS use to protect data?
Medium
- Aencryption
- Bcompression
- Csorting
- Dsearching
27.A firewall filters traffic.
Easy
True or false?
28.Phishing uses fake messages.
Easy
True or false?
29.A DoS attack steals passwords.
Easy
True or false?
30.Encryption makes data unreadable without a key.
Easy
True or false?
31.Updating software increases risk.
Medium
True or false?
32.Which are types of malware?
Medium
- Avirus
- Bworm
- Ctrojan
- Dransomware
- Efirewall
33.Which are network security measures?
Medium
- Afirewall
- Bencryption
- Cstrong passwords
- Dtwo-factor authentication
- Esharing passwords
34.Explain how encryption helps protect data sent across a network.
Medium

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