Analysing and evaluating historical sources
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Notes de leçon
Types of source
- Primary evidence includes original material or first-hand testimony relevant to an enquiry: contemporary letters and records are common examples, but later memoirs and oral histories can also qualify. Secondary accounts analyse or synthesise evidence. A novel or film may be primary evidence for its own production culture; categories depend on the question.
A category does not guarantee accuracy
Analysing a source
- Content: what does it say or show? Inference: what can you work out beyond the surface?
- Provenance includes creator, date, place, form, purpose, audience and the circumstances of production. NOP is a reminder, not a substitute for explaining how these details shape the particular content.
- Context: what was happening at the time, and what does the source reflect?
Connect provenance to content
Judging usefulness
- Utility means usefulness for this enquiry. A persuasive poster can reveal a promoted message without proving widespread agreement. A diary records one situated account, not unmediated access to everyone’s feelings.
- Test particular claims through content, provenance, context and relevant comparison. An omission matters only when it bears on the enquiry; AQA utility answers do not need a negative point simply to reach a high level.
Cross-referencing
- Compare specific claims and consider independence. Agreement between sources copied from one account is weaker corroboration than independent agreement; disagreement may illuminate experience or perspective rather than make one source automatically fake.
Agreement needs an independence check
Writing about sources
- Support a judgement with specific details from the source and relevant contextual knowledge, following the actual task. Visual details, layout or typography can be evidence. A quotation is useful for written material but is not a compulsory form of evidence for every source.
Diapos
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Questions d'entraînement
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1.What is a primary source?
Easy- Afirst-hand or original material used as evidence for an enquiry
- Ba later synthesis of other historians’ work
- Ca modern textbook’s overview
- Dan unsupported guess
2.What is a secondary source?
Easy- Amade at the time
- Ba diary
- Ca poster
- Dan account that analyses or synthesises other evidence about the past
3.What does 'provenance' mean?
Easy- Aits price
- Bits font
- Cthe origin and background of a source
- Dits length
4.What does 'N' in NOP stand for?
Easy- Anote
- Bnature
- Cname
- Dnumber
5.What does 'P' in NOP stand for?
Easy- Apurpose
- Bpaper
- Cpage
- Dprice
6.What is 'utility'?
Easy- Areliability only
- Blength
- Cage
- Dusefulness for a particular enquiry
7.What is 'reliability'?
Easy- Ahow long it is
- Bhow many pages
- Chow well its particular claims can be supported or checked
- Dhow old it is
8.What is 'bias'?
Easy- Aa map
- Ba one-sided view
- Ca spelling error
- Da date
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