Group dynamics and teamwork
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Notes de leçon
Teams and groups
- Group dynamics concerns interactions, roles, relationships and processes within a group. Teams coordinate interdependent contributions towards shared task objectives; a crowd or collection of people does not automatically function as a team. Group members need not have identical personal motivations.
- Explain how contributions combine, who communicates which information and how the group handles problems. Respect differences and avoid treating group membership, quietness or one poor result as evidence of ability or commitment.
Explain how a team functions
Steiner's model
- In the simplified Steiner model, actual productivity equals task-specific potential productivity minus process losses. Coordination loss arises when actions combine less effectively; motivational loss involves reduced effort, with social loafing one possible form. Available resources and task structure determine what potential means.
- The loss-only formula assumes a defined potential and non-negative losses. It does not prove that all real performance fits a fixed numerical law or that learning and resources cannot change potential. Fictional worked example: 100 minus 12 coordination-loss units minus 8 motivation-loss units gives 80 arbitrary units, not an actual match score.
Steiner: a simplified loss-only model
Social loafing
- Social loafing is reduced effort in a collective context compared with an appropriate individual condition. Ringelmann’s effect concerns decreasing average individual contribution as some groups become larger; both coordination and motivation can contribute. The terms should not be equated as if every loss comes from laziness.
- Clear meaningful roles, agreed goals, supportive recognition and suitable smaller practice groups may make contributions identifiable and worthwhile. First investigate role demands, fatigue, injury or coordination; lower measured output alone does not prove reduced effort. Avoid blame and review whether the chosen support helps.
Do not equate every loss with loafing
Cohesion
- Task cohesion is commitment to shared task goals and coordinated work. Social cohesion concerns social attraction, relationships and belonging. They can support each other, but friendship alone does not ensure task commitment, and effective teammates need not be close friends.
- Cohesion may help communication and cooperation, while successful performance can also strengthen cohesion. Other influences remain, so one direction of causation or guaranteed success should not be assumed. Maintain inclusion and constructive disagreement rather than valuing a close clique over the whole team.
Two related kinds of cohesion
Leadership
- Autocratic leadership centres decisions on the leader, democratic leadership involves members and laissez-faire delegates substantial freedom. These are decision approaches, not immutable personalities or labels for good and bad people. Leaders can adapt their approach across situations.
- Immediate safety action may need a clear directive; planning with time can benefit from consultation. Independent decisions require suitable competence, information and support. Beginners can still offer useful input, and delegation never removes safety or accountability responsibilities.
Leadership depends on the decision
Roles
- The captain can communicate, support coordination and represent the team within the rules. The coach supports preparation and learning, while members can also share leadership and feedback. A named captain is not the only source of effective leadership or a replacement for officials.
- Clarify who acts, when they act and what information they share, including backup responsibilities when plans change. Role clarity supports timing and reduces duplicated or missed actions. Keep routes for members to raise concerns respectfully rather than demanding silence as proof of cohesion.
Clarify roles without silencing concerns
Social facilitation and inhibition
- In common PE usage, social facilitation is improvement and social inhibition is impairment associated with others being present. Spectators and co-actors can matter. The dominant-response explanation predicts that simple or well-learned responses may benefit and unfamiliar difficult responses may be disrupted.
- These are model tendencies rather than inevitable outcomes. Perceived evaluation, attention, experience, support and task demands influence the response. A beginner’s error does not by itself prove anxiety or an audience cause; compare suitable evidence and ask about their experience.
Presence of others: conditional effects
Team building
- Purposeful team building can include shared task goals, cooperative practice and respectful discussion of communication and roles. Match the activity to the evidenced problem and include participants appropriately; a social outing alone need not repair a technical coordination issue.
- Avoid humiliation, forced personal disclosure or blaming a member for a poor result. Seek feedback on belonging and role clarity, review comparable task performance and adjust. Several causes can explain change, so do not promise that one activity guarantees cohesion or success.
Make team building purposeful
Diapos
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Questions d'entraînement
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1.What is a team?
Easy- Aa group working together for a shared goal
- Ba single player
- Ca crowd
- Da set of rules
2.What is group dynamics?
Easy- Aa type of fitness
- Ba type of injury
- Ca diet
- Dhow group members interact
3.What is Steiner's model about?
Easy- Anutrition
- Binjury
- Chow a team's actual performance relates to potential
- Dfitness testing
4.What is potential productivity?
Easy- Azero
- Btask-specific output possible from available resources under the model’s assumptions
- Cthe worst a team could achieve
- Dthe average
5.What is social loafing?
Easy- Areduced individual effort in a group
- Bincreased effort
- Cequal effort
- Dno group
6.What is the Ringelmann effect?
Easy- Ateams work harder as group grows
- Bgroup size has no effect
- Ca diet effect
- Daverage individual contribution can fall as group size grows, through process losses
7.What is cohesion?
Easy- Ahow strong a team is
- Bhow tall a team is
- Chow well a team sticks together
- Dhow fast a team runs
8.What is task cohesion?
Easy- Arivalry
- Bcommitment to the team's goal
- Cfriendship only
- Dno commitment
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