The environment and global problems
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Notes de leçon
Environmental problems
- Environmental vocabulary: el calentamiento global global warming, el cambio climático climate change, la contaminación pollution, la basura rubbish, la deforestación deforestation, la sequía drought and las inundaciones floods. Select the term that matches the actual context.
- El deshielo is thawing or melting ice and las especies en peligro de extinción endangered species. El efecto invernadero means greenhouse effect; do not assume its name alone states whether a text is discussing the natural effect or human-caused enhancement.
Distinguish the environmental terms
What can we do
- Proposed actions include reciclar recycle, reducir reduce, reutilizar reuse, ahorrar agua save water, apagar las luces switch off lights and separar la basura sort rubbish. These verbs are related but not interchangeable.
- Usar el transporte público means use public transport; usar menos plástico use less plastic. Las energías renovables includes solar and eólica. Renewable does not mean impact-free or always available; an expressed proposal is not a guarantee of a project’s result.
Choose a proposed action
Obligation
- Hay que reciclar means one must recycle; tenemos que reciclar we have to recycle. Se debe ahorrar agua expresses advice or obligation in this context. Each construction is followed by an infinitive.
- No hay que malgastar el agua intends a warning here. In other contexts no hay que can mean it is not necessary to; use no se debe malgastar el agua to make this warning clearer. Do not confuse must not with do not have to.
Distinguish obligation and advice
Conditional
- Me gustaría plantar árboles expresses a wish; se podría usar menos plástico a possibility or suggestion. Both use conditional forms with an infinitive; neither describes a completed action.
- Si fuera ministro o ministra, mejoraría el transporte público is an imagined situation using imperfect subjunctive plus conditional. Hacer has conditional haría; hacía is imperfect and haré future. These are contextual models, not a claim that every conditional is polite.
Present a possible action
Social issues
- La pobreza poverty, las personas sin hogar people without a home, el paro unemployment in an employment context, el racismo racism, las desigualdades inequalities and la guerra war name social issues. Paro can instead mean a stoppage or strike elsewhere.
- El hambre means hunger and remains feminine despite el before its stressed initial a sound: el hambre intensa. Las personas refugiadas means refugees; the term does not make every migrant a refugee. Use fictional examples rather than requiring personal disclosure.
Name social issues respectfully
Charity and help
- Una organización benéfica means a charity; el voluntariado volunteering or voluntary service; donar donate and recaudar dinero raise money. The object or following phrase identifies what is given and for whom.
- Original example: El sábado pasado recaudamos dinero para una organización benéfica. This states a completed fundraising event with a past time reference; it does not prove an outcome for a real charity or request a donation.
Distinguish helping actions
Opinions
- En mi opinión marks an opinion. Model: En mi opinión, el gobierno debe actuar porque hacen falta políticas nacionales. Porque introduces the fictional speaker’s reason, rather than a universally mandated political judgement.
- Todos tenemos que hacer algo means we all have to do something, including the speaker. Todo el mundo tiene que hacer algo uses singular tiene and means everyone has to do something. A coherent response can express a different reasoned opinion.
Attribute an opinion and reason
Time words
- Ahora now, pronto soon and en el futuro in the future help locate an event. Ya is contextual: ya lo sé I already know it; ya no uso plástico I no longer use plastic. It is not always already.
- Read the whole verb construction: ahora separamos el papel is present here; el sábado pasado recaudamos dinero is preterite here; en el futuro nos gustaría mejorar expresses a future wish with a conditional verb. Time phrases alone do not determine tense.
Read a time expression in context
Diapos
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Questions d'entraînement
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1.In Hay contaminación del aire en esta calle, what does contaminación mean?
Easy- Apollution
- Bpublic transport
- Crenewable energy
- Da charity
2.What does "la basura" mean?
Easy- Athe base
- Bthe bus
- Cthe basket
- Drubbish
3.What does "reciclar" mean?
Easy- Ato reduce
- Bto reuse
- Cto recycle
- Dto ride
4.What does "la sequía" mean?
Easy- Afire
- Bdrought
- Cflood
- Dstorm
5.What does "las inundaciones" mean?
Easy- Afloods
- Bindoors
- Cinvitations
- Dindustries
6.What does "la pobreza" mean?
Easy- Apower
- Bpottery
- Cpoliteness
- Dpoverty
7.What does "el hambre" mean?
Easy- AHamburg
- Bthe ham
- Chunger
- Dthe man
8.What does "la guerra" mean?
Easy- Agarage
- Bwar
- Cguard
- Dgarden
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