Operating systems and software

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शिक्षकों के लिए: Operating systems and software (Computer Science, Computer Systems) के लिए इस्तेमाल के लिए तैयार लेसन स्लाइड्स, रिवीज़न नोट्स — इन्हें अपने लेसन में इस्तेमाल करें, या टॉपिक को एक इंटरैक्टिव क्लास एक्टिविटी की तरह चलाएं जिसे आपके शिक्षार्थी लाइव गेम की तरह खेलें।

लेसन नोट्स स्लाइड्स प्रैक्टिस सवाल

लेसन नोट्स

Operating systems (OS)

An operating system manages the computer's hardware and provides services for software. Functions: user interface (GUI or command line), memory management, multitasking (process scheduling), file management, device management (drivers) and security (accounts, permissions).
Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS.

Operating system responsibilities

Types of software

System software: OS and utility software (antivirus, backup, disk defragmenter, compression).
Application software: performs tasks for users (word processor, web browser, games).

System and application software

Programming languages

High-level languages use readable abstractions and can be implemented on different platforms; a suitable translator or runtime and libraries are still needed.
Machine code and assembly are low-level and processor-specific. They permit close hardware control, but are harder to write and maintain.

Translating and running source code

Translators

In the simplified GCSE model, a compiler translates source before execution, often producing a native executable; an interpreter translates and executes as the program runs.
An assembler translates assembly notation to machine code. Real systems may combine interpretation, bytecode and just-in-time compilation.
Compiled code often runs faster, while interpretation can support interactive debugging; neither is a universal speed rule.

Open source vs proprietary

Open-source licences provide source-code access and permissions to use, modify and redistribute under specified conditions.
Proprietary licences reserve more control to the rights holder. Proprietary software may be paid or free; price alone does not determine the licence category.

स्लाइड्स

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साइन अप करें — फ्री लॉग इन

प्रैक्टिस सवाल

फ्री प्रीव्यू — 33 में से 8 सवाल। सभी देखने के लिए साइन अप करें।

1.What is an operating system?
Easy
- Asoftware that manages the computer
- Ba word processor
- Ca game
- Da browser
2.What is application software?
Easy
- Asoftware that performs tasks for the user
- Bthe OS
- Cfirmware
- Ddrivers
3.Which is an example of an operating system?
Easy
- AWindows
- BExcel
- CChrome
- DPhotoshop
4.Which is utility software?
Easy
- Aantivirus
- Ba game
- Ca spreadsheet
- Da browser
5.What is a high-level language?
Easy
- Aa programming language close to human language
- Bmachine code
- Cassembly
- Dbinary
6.What is machine code?
Easy
- Abinary instructions the CPU executes directly
- BPython code
- CEnglish text
- Da flowchart
7.What is assembly language?
Easy
- Aa low-level language using mnemonics
- Ba high-level language
- Ca database
- Da network
8.What does a compiler do?
Easy
- Atranslates the whole program before it runs
- Bruns one line at a time
- Cstores data
- Dcompresses files

और सवाल

9.What does an interpreter do?
Easy
- Atranslates and executes line by line
- Bcompiles into binary
- Cstores data
- Dencrypts files
10.What does multitasking mean?
Easy
- Arunning several programs at once
- Brunning one program
- Cshutting down
- Dstoring data
11.What does a device driver do?
Easy
- Alets the OS communicate with hardware
- Bstores files
- Cprotects from viruses
- Dplays games
12.Which is a typical advantage of compiling comparable source code to a native executable?
Medium
- Ait can avoid repeated source translation during execution
- Bit guarantees no errors
- Cit needs no initial translation
- Dit runs unchanged on every processor
13.Which is an advantage of an interpreter?
Medium
- Aerrors can be found line by line
- Bthe program runs fastest
- Cit produces a standalone file
- Dit needs no source
14.Which is an advantage of high-level languages?
Medium
- Aeasier to read, write and portable
- Bfaster than machine code
- Ccloser to hardware
- Dharder to learn
15.Which is an advantage of low-level languages?
Medium
- Adirect control of hardware and efficient use of memory
- Beasy to learn
- Cportable
- DEnglish-like
16.What is memory management?
Medium
- Aallocating and freeing memory for programs
- Bstoring files
- Cdisplaying graphics
- Dprotecting data
17.What is open-source software?
Medium
- Asource code is available to view and modify
- Bcode is secret
- Csoftware is free of bugs
- Dsoftware must be paid for
18.Why might embedded systems use low-level languages?
Medium
- Aefficiency and direct hardware control
- Bthey are easy
- Cthey need no memory
- Dthey use many languages
19.Why can a native executable run on its target platform without the source-code compiler?
Medium
- Ait is already machine code
- Bit is interpreted
- Cit is source code
- Dit is compressed
20.Why can compatible JavaScript code run on many devices through a browser?
Medium
- Athe browser supplies a suitable execution environment
- Bit always executes faster than native code
- Cit uses no memory
- Dit needs no implementation of the language
21.Which OS feature helps restrict unauthorised access?
Medium
- Asecurity through accounts and permissions
- Bmultitasking
- Cmemory management
- Ddevice drivers
22.What is a GUI?
Easy
- Aa graphical user interface
- Ba type of CPU
- Ca network
- Da language
23.What is a command line interface?
Easy
- Aa text-based way to give commands
- Ba graphical interface
- Ca game
- Da network
24.What is defragmentation?
Medium
- Arearranging files on an HDD to speed access
- Bdeleting files
- Ccompressing files
- Dencrypting files
25.What is firmware?
Medium
- Asoftware in non-volatile memory that controls hardware
- Bany document written by a user
- Ca physically hard material
- Dan image-editing tool
26.An OS manages hardware and software.
Easy
True or false?
27.A compiler translates the whole program.
Easy
True or false?
28.An interpreter creates a standalone executable.
Easy
True or false?
29.Antivirus software is a type of utility software.
Easy
True or false?
30.Machine code is a high-level language.
Medium
True or false?
31.Which are functions of an OS?
Medium
- Amemory management
- Bfile management
- Csecurity
- Duser interface
- Ewriting essays
32.Which are translators?
Medium
- Acompiler
- Binterpreter
- Cassembler
- Dtext editor
- Edebugger
33.Compare a compiler and an interpreter.
Medium

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