Mughal India
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Founding of the Mughal Empire
- The Mughal Empire was founded in 1526 by Babur, a Central Asian ruler descended from Timur on his father's side and Genghis Khan on his mother's side.
- Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi, the Sultan of Delhi, at the First Battle of Panipat using firearms and cannons to overcome a larger army.
- After his victory, the centre of Mughal power shifted to Agra.
- A year later, at the Battle of Khanwa, Babur's forces defeated the combined Rajput armies of Rana Sanga of Mewar.
- Babur's son Humayun was forced into exile in Persia by the rebel Sher Shah Suri, but later returned to restore Mughal rule in 1555.
Akbar and Religious Tolerance
- Akbar (reigned 1556–1605) was Babur's grandson and is often credited with establishing the Mughal imperial structure.
- Akbar is known for his policy of religious tolerance, which helped to equalise and placate the diverse peoples and cultures the Mughals ruled.
- He implemented agricultural taxes that became the basis of the empire's wealth; these taxes were paid in silver currency.
- Akbar's administrative reforms led to more efficient, centralised, and standardised rule.
- He encouraged diverse ruling elites to participate in government, which helped to integrate different groups into the empire.
Mughal Government and Administration
- The Mughal Empire was created and sustained by military warfare, but it did not vigorously suppress the cultures it ruled.
- Instead, it used new administrative practices and diverse ruling elites to create more efficient and centralised rule.
- The empire's collective wealth was based on agricultural taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator.
- Taxes were paid in well-regulated silver currency, which allowed peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.
- The relative peace maintained during much of the 17th century was a factor in India's economic expansion.
Wealth and Trade
- The burgeoning European presence in the Indian Ocean and increasing demand for Indian raw and finished products generated much wealth for the Mughal court.
- There was conspicuous consumption among the Mughal elite, leading to greater patronage of painting, literary forms, textiles, and architecture.
- This patronage was especially strong during the reign of Shah Jahan.
- The empire's wealth supported a flourishing of art and culture.
Art and Architecture
- The Mughals are famous for their architecture, including the Taj Mahal, built under Shah Jahan.
- The Taj Mahal has been described as 'the jewel of Muslim art in India, and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage'.
- Other Mughal UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South Asia include Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri, Red Fort, Humayun's Tomb, Lahore Fort, and Shalamar Gardens.
- Mughal art also included painting, literary forms, and textiles.
Aurangzeb and the Empire's Decline
- Aurangzeb was the last major Mughal emperor, during whose reign the empire reached its maximum geographical extent.
- After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the empire declined; by 1760 it was reduced to the region in and around Old Delhi.
- The empire was formally dissolved by the British Raj after the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
- The growing power of the East India Company was a key factor in the empire's decline.
Names and Identity
- The word Mughal is the Indo-Persian form of Mongol, but the dynasty's early followers were Chagatai Turks, not Mongols.
- The term Mughal was applied to them in India to distinguish them from the Afghan elite who ruled the Delhi Sultanate.
- The closest to an official name for the empire was Hindustan, as documented in the Ain-i-Akbari.
- The Mughal dynasty called themselves Gurkani, a reference to their descent from Timur, who took the title Gūrkān ('son-in-law').
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練習問題
無料プレビュー — 63問中8問。すべて見るには登録を。
1.In which year was the Mughal Empire founded by Babur?
Easy- A1526
- B1600
- C1556
- D1720
2.Who was the Sultan of Delhi defeated by Babur at the First Battle of Panipat?
Easy- AIbrahim Lodi
- BSher Shah Suri
- CRana Sanga
- DAurangzeb
3.Which Mughal emperor is credited with implementing the agricultural tax system that formed the basis of the empire's wealth?
Medium- AAkbar
- BBabur
- CShah Jahan
- DAurangzeb
4.Which Mughal emperor's reign saw the empire reach its maximum geographical extent?
Medium- AAurangzeb
- BAkbar
- CShah Jahan
- DBabur
5.The Taj Mahal, described as 'the jewel of Muslim art in India', was built during the reign of which Mughal emperor?
Medium- AShah Jahan
- BAkbar
- CAurangzeb
- DHumayun
6.What was the primary source of the Mughal Empire's collective wealth?
Medium- AAgricultural taxes
- BOverseas colonies
- CSilver mining
- DSilk exports
7.Which Mughal emperor's reign is associated with the establishment of the imperial structure that lasted until 1720?
Medium- AAkbar
- BBabur
- CShah Jahan
- DAurangzeb
8.Which of the following was a consequence of Humayun's exile in Persia?
Hard- AIncreased Persian cultural influence in the later Mughal Empire
- BThe founding of the Mughal Empire
- CThe construction of the Taj Mahal
- DThe defeat of Ibrahim Lodi