The Mali Empire

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レッスンノート

The Rise of the Mali Empire

The Mali Empire was a West African empire that lasted from c. 1235 to 1610.
It began as a small Mandinka kingdom at the upper reaches of the Niger River, in the Manding region.
It grew during the 11th and 12th centuries as the Ghana Empire declined and trade centres shifted southward.
The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita, a warrior-prince of the Keita dynasty.
Sundiata was called upon to free local people from the rule of Soumaoro Kanté, king of the Sosso Empire.
The conquest of Sosso in c. 1235 marked Mali's emergence as a major power, with the Kouroukan Fouga as its constitution.

Sundiata Keita and the Keita Dynasty

Sundiata Keita lived from c. 1214 to c. 1255.
He founded the Mali Empire and was its first ruler for whom accurate written information exists.
After his death, Mali's kings or emperors were referred to by the title mansa.
In 1285, Sakura, a former slave who had become a general, carried out a military coup.
After Sakura's death, the Keita dynasty was restored with the accession of Mansa Gao (c. 1300–1305).

Trans-Saharan Trade: Gold and Salt

The Mali Empire became renowned for the wealth of its monarchs, especially Mansa Musa.
Its wealth was built on trans-Saharan trade, particularly in gold and salt.
Control of trade routes helped Mali grow and influence the culture of the region.
Mali spread its language, laws, and customs widely across West Africa.

Mansa Musa and His Pilgrimage

Mansa Musa (Musa Keita) took the throne in c. 1312.
He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca from 1324 to 1326.
On this pilgrimage, his generous gifts and expenditure of gold caused significant inflation in Egypt.
Mansa Musa's reign is often associated with Mali's wealth and power at its height.

Timbuktu: Centre of Islamic Learning

Timbuktu was a major centre of Islamic learning within the Mali Empire.
It attracted scholars and became known for its manuscripts.
The empire's influence spread through its language, laws, and customs, supported by such centres of learning.
Islamic scholarship connected Mali to the wider Muslim world.

Later Rulers and the Golden Age

Maghan I succeeded Mansa Musa as mansa c. 1337, but was deposed by his uncle Suleyman in 1341.
Suleyman's reign lasted 19 years, during which the traveller Ibn Battuta visited Mali.
Suleyman's death marked the end of Mali's Golden Age and the beginning of a slow decline.
The Tarikh al-Sudan records that Mali was still a sizeable state in the 15th century.

Decline and Fall

From 1507 onwards, neighbouring states such as Diarra, Great Fulo, Yatenga, and the Songhai Empire chipped away at Mali's borders.
In 1544/45, the Songhai invaded the capital but failed to conquer the empire.
Mali made a brief comeback in the late 16th century, hoping to exploit Songhai's collapse after the 1593 Moroccan invasion.
A disastrous defeat outside Djenne in 1599 ended those hopes.
After that, the empire rapidly disintegrated and was replaced by independent chiefdoms.
The Keitas retreated to the town of Kangaba, where they became provincial chiefs.

Sources and Historiography

Much recorded information about Mali comes from 14th-century Tunisian historian Ibn Khaldun, 14th-century Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta, and 16th-century Andalusian traveller Leo Africanus.
Another major source is Mandinka oral tradition, recorded by storytellers known as griots.
Shihab al-'Umari wrote an account in about 1340, based on information from visiting Malians taking the hajj.
Ibn Battuta visited Mali in 1352 and left the first account of a West African kingdom made directly by an eyewitness.
After Ibn Khaldun's death in 1406, there are no further Arab primary sources except Leo Africanus.
For the later period, the major written primary sources are Portuguese accounts of Mali's coastal provinces.

The Name 'Mali'

Mali, Mandé, Manden, Mande-Bissa, and Manding are various pronunciations of the same word across different languages and dialects.
Medieval Arab geographers recorded the name as Mali (Arabic: مالي, romanized: Mālī).
In the Manding languages, Manden or Manding is the name of the region corresponding to the heartland of the Mali Empire.
Medieval sources are divided over whether Mali was the name of a town or a region.
Ibn Battuta called the capital city Mali; the 1375 Catalan Atlas portrayed a 'city of Melly'; Leo Africanus said the capital was called Melli.
One hypothesis suggests Mali derives from Mandé mali meaning 'hippopotamus', an animal significant to the Keitas, but this has been rejected by locals.

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練習問題

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1.Who founded the Mali Empire?
Easy
- ASundiata Keita
- BMansa Musa
- CSoumaoro Kanté
- DIbn Battuta
2.In which year did Mansa Musa make his famous pilgrimage to Mecca?
Easy
- A1324
- B1285
- C1341
- D1406
3.Which traveller visited Mali during the reign of Suleyman and left the first eyewitness account of a West African kingdom?
Medium
- AIbn Battuta
- BIbn Khaldun
- CLeo Africanus
- DAlvise Cadamosto
4.What was the title used by the kings or emperors of Mali after the death of Sundiata Keita?
Easy
- AMansa
- BGriot
- CKeita
- DSundiata
5.Which of the following was a major source of information about the Mali Empire, as recorded by Mandinka storytellers?
Medium
- AOral tradition
- BThe Catalan Atlas
- CThe Tarikh al-Sudan
- DPortuguese accounts
6.In which year did the Songhai invade the capital of Mali but fail to conquer the empire?
Medium
- A1544/45
- B1599
- C1507
- D1593
7.Which of the following was a cause of the decline of the Mali Empire?
Medium
- ANeighbouring states such as Songhai chipped away at Mali's borders
- BThe pilgrimage of Mansa Musa to Mecca
- CThe founding of the Mali Empire by Sundiata Keita
- DThe visit of Ibn Battuta to Mali
8.The Mali Empire existed from c. 1235 to 1610.
Easy
True or false?

もっと問題

9.Match each person with the correct description.
Medium
- Sundiata Keita
- Mansa Musa
- Ibn Battuta
- Leo Africanus
- Founder of the Mali Empire
- Made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324
- Visited Mali in 1352 and left an eyewitness account
- Andalusian traveller who visited at the beginning of the 16th century
10.Put the following events in the correct chronological order.
Medium
- Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca
- Sakura's military coup
- Sundiata Keita's conquest of Sosso
- Suleyman's death marking the end of Mali's Golden Age
11.Which of the following statements about the Mali Empire are supported by the evidence? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AAt its peak, Mali was the largest empire in West Africa.
- BThe Mali Empire began as a small Mandinka kingdom at the upper reaches of the Niger River.
- CMali's empire was centered around the Manding region.
- DThe Mali Empire was founded in the 11th century.
- EThe Mali Empire was conquered by the Songhai Empire in 1593.
12.Match each term with its correct definition.
Medium
- mansa
- griot
- hajj
- Kouroukan Fouga
- the title used by Mali's kings or emperors after Sundiata Keita
- a Mandinka storyteller who recorded oral tradition
- the pilgrimage to Mecca
- the constitution of the Mali Empire
13.Put these events from the history of the Mali Empire into the correct chronological order, from earliest to latest.
Medium
- Sundiata Keita defeats Soumaoro Kanté and the Sosso Empire
- Sakura carries out a military coup
- Mansa Musa makes his pilgrimage to Mecca
- Ibn Battuta visits Mali
- The Songhai invade the capital but fail to conquer the empire
14.Which of the following were consequences of Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca? (select all that apply)
Hard
- AHis generous gifts and expenditure of gold caused significant inflation in Egypt.
- BHe established Timbuktu as a centre of Islamic learning.
- CHe converted to Islam.
- DHe brought back architects and scholars to Mali.
- EHe was succeeded by Maghan I immediately after his return.
15.The Mali Empire was founded by Sundiata Keita in c. 1235.
Easy
True or false?
16.What was the main source of Mali's wealth?
Medium
- AControl of trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt
- BConquest of European colonies
- CDiscovery of oil reserves
- DTaxation of Silk Road caravans
17.Which of the following best describes Timbuktu during the Mali Empire?
Medium
- AA centre of Islamic learning and trade
- BA military fortress on the coast
- CA farming village
- DThe original capital of the Mali Empire
18.Which of the following were factors in the decline of the Mali Empire? (select all that apply)
Hard
- AInvasions by neighbouring states such as the Songhai Empire
- BInternal rebellions and loss of control over trade routes
- CThe Moroccan invasion of 1593
- DThe death of Mansa Musa in 1337
- EThe rise of the Ghana Empire
19.Why did the Mali Empire begin to develop during the 11th and 12th centuries?
Medium
- AThe Ghana Empire declined and trade centres shifted southward
- BThe Songhai Empire collapsed after a Moroccan invasion
- CMansa Musa returned from his pilgrimage to Mecca
- DIbn Battuta visited West Africa and wrote about it
20.Which statement best explains why Sundiata Keita was called upon to lead the Mandinka?
Medium
- AHe was asked to free the local people from the rule of the king of the Sosso Empire
- BHe was chosen by the griots to write down the empire's constitution
- CHe was appointed by the mansa to collect salt from the Sahara
- DHe was sent by Ibn Battuta to convert the empire to Islam
21.Which of the following best explains why Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca caused significant inflation in Egypt?
Medium
- AHe gave away so much gold that its value fell
- BHe bought all the salt from Egyptian markets
- CHe forced Egyptian traders to accept Malian laws
- DHe brought back manuscripts that changed Egyptian education
22.The death of Suleyman marked the end of Mali's Golden Age and the beginning of a slow decline.
Easy
True or false?
23.Which of the following were consequences of the decline of the Mali Empire? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AThe empire was replaced by independent chiefdoms
- BThe Keitas retreated to the town of Kangaba
- CThe Keitas became provincial chiefs
- DMali conquered the Songhai Empire
- ETimbuktu became the capital of a new Moroccan empire
24.Match each cause with its correct consequence in the history of the Mali Empire.
Medium
- Decline of the Ghana Empire
- Conquest of Sosso in c. 1235
- Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca
- Death of Suleyman
- Emergence of Mali as a major power
- Growth of the Mandinka kingdom
- End of Mali's Golden Age
- Inflation in Egypt
25.Put the following events in the correct chronological order, from earliest to latest.
Medium
- Sundiata Keita founds the Mali Empire
- Sakura carries out a military coup
- Mansa Musa makes his pilgrimage to Mecca
- Ibn Battuta visits Mali
- The Songhai invade the capital but fail to conquer the empire
26.A historian studying the Mali Empire at its height reads this extract: "His information about the empire came from visiting Malians taking the hajj, or pilgrim's voyage to Mecca. He had first-hand information from several sources, and from a second-hand source he learned of the visit of Mansa Musa." Which statement about the writer of this account is best supported by the extract?
Medium
- AHe never visited Mali himself, but gathered information from people who had.
- BHe travelled to Mali and saw Mansa Musa in person.
- CHe was a Mandinka griot who recited oral tradition.
- DHe wrote in the 16th century about the fall of the empire.
27.A historian writes: "The traveller Ibn Battuta, who visited Mali in 1352, left the first account of a West African kingdom made directly by an eyewitness; the others are usually second-hand." Why is Ibn Battuta's account especially valuable to historians of Mali?
Medium
- AIt was written by someone who saw Mali for himself.
- BIt was written by a Mandinka storyteller.
- CIt is the longest account ever written about Mali.
- DIt was written before the empire began.
28.A historian lists the main written sources for the Mali Empire: a 14th-century Tunisian historian, a 14th-century Moroccan traveller who visited Mali, a 16th-century Andalusian traveller, and an account written in about 1340 by a geographer-administrator in Mamluk Egypt. Which of the following statements about these sources are supported by this information? (select all that apply)
Hard
- ASome accounts of Mali were written by people who never went there.
- BAll the main written sources were produced by West African authors.
- CThe main written sources were produced over more than two centuries.
- DThe written sources all describe the empire after its final collapse.
- EAt least one account was written by a traveller who visited Mali in person.
29.The main written sources for the Mali Empire include accounts by Arab and North African writers as well as Mandinka oral tradition recorded by griots.
Medium
True or false?
30.Put these written sources about the Mali Empire into the correct chronological order, from earliest to latest.
Medium
- The account of Shihab al-'Umari, written in about 1340
- Ibn Battuta's eyewitness account of his visit to Mali in 1352
- Ibn Khaldun's writings in the early 15th century
- Leo Africanus's description of Mali at the beginning of the 16th century
31.A historian notes that after Ibn Khaldun's death in 1406 there are no further Arab primary sources except Leo Africanus, and that Arab interest in Mali declined after the Songhai conquered the northern regions that formed the main contact between Mali and the Arab world. What does this suggest about the evidence for the later period of the Mali Empire?
Medium
- AHistorians must rely more on Portuguese accounts of the coastal provinces.
- BThere is no evidence at all for the later period of the empire.
- CLater Arab writers described the empire in more detail than earlier ones.
- DThe empire had already ended by 1406.
32.A student reads that "the history of the Mali Empire before the 13th century is unclear, as there are conflicting and imprecise accounts by both Arab chroniclers and oral traditionalists." Which of the following are reasonable conclusions from this statement? (select all that apply)
Hard
- ADifferent accounts of early Mali do not always agree with each other.
- BNo one wrote anything about West Africa before the 13th century.
- CHistorians must treat early accounts of Mali with caution.
- DThe first ruler for whom there is accurate written information is Sundiata Keita.
- EOral tradition is always more reliable than written accounts.
33.The extract states: "Mali, Mandé, Manden, Mande-Bissa, and Manding are all various pronunciations of the same word across different languages and dialects." What does this tell us about the name 'Mali'?
Medium
- AIt is one form of a word shared across several related languages.
- BIt was invented by medieval Arab geographers.
- CIt refers only to the capital city of the empire.
- DIt means 'hippopotamus' in every Manding dialect.
34.Medieval writers disagreed about the name 'Mali': Ibn Battuta and the 1375 Catalan Atlas treated Mali or 'Melly' as a city, Leo Africanus called the capital Melli, Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari gave Mali as the name of the capital province, and Ibn Khaldun referred to Mali as a people. Which conclusions are supported by this evidence? (select all that apply)
Hard
- ASources agree that Mali was a town rather than a region.
- BMedieval writers did not agree on whether Mali named a town, a province or a people.
- CThe name Mali was eventually applied to the whole empire ruled from Mali.
- DIbn Khaldun thought Mali was the name of a city.
- ESome sources linked the name Mali to a place.
35.A historian explains that "whether Mali originated as the name of a town or region, the name was subsequently applied to the entire empire ruled from Mali." What does this tell us about how the empire got its name?
Medium
- AThe name of a place or region came to be used for the whole empire.
- BThe empire was named after its first ruler.
- CThe name was chosen by Arab geographers for the empire alone.
- DThe name changed every time a new mansa took the throne.
36.A hypothesis claims that the name Mali comes from Mandé mali, meaning 'hippopotamus', an animal of special significance to the Keitas, and that Mandé means 'little manatee'. A legend says that Sunjata transformed into a hippopotamus. However, these hypotheses have been rejected by locals and are inconsistent with the apparent cognate status of Mali and Mandé. Which of the following best describes the status of this hypothesis?
Medium
- AIt is doubtful because it conflicts with the shared origin of the words Mali and Mandé.
- BIt is accepted because a legend supports it.
- CIt is proven because the Keitas valued the hippopotamus.
- DIt is supported by Arab geographers.
37.In which region was the Mali Empire centred?
Easy
- AThe Manding region
- BThe Nile Valley
- CThe Horn of Africa
- DThe Atlas Mountains
38.Who was the king of the Sosso Empire that Sundiata Keita was called upon to defeat?
Easy
- ASoumaoro Kanté
- BSakura
- CMaghan I
- DMansa Gao
39.Mansa Musa took the throne of Mali in about 1312.
Easy
True or false?
40.Which ruler was deposed by his uncle Suleyman in 1341?
Easy
- AMaghan I
- BMansa Musa
- CMansa Gao
- DSundiata Keita
41.What was the name of the constitution of the Mali Empire?
Easy
42.In what year did Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca begin?
Easy
43.Complete the sentence about the decline of the Mali Empire.
Medium
In 1599, Mali suffered a disastrous defeat outside ____ , which ended its hopes of taking advantage of Songhai's collapse.
44.Complete the sentence about the Mali Empire.
Medium
The Mali Empire was founded by ____ and reached its height under ____.
45.What was the title used by the rulers of Mali after the death of Sundiata Keita?
Easy
46.In which year did Mansa Musa begin his pilgrimage to Mecca?
Easy
47.In which year did Sakura, a former slave who had risen to the rank of general, carry out a military coup?
Medium
48.In which year did Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca end?
Easy
49.Complete the sentence about the Mali Empire's origins.
Medium
The Mali Empire began as a small ____ kingdom at the upper reaches of the ____ River.
50.What is the name of the constitution of the Mali Empire?
Easy
51.In what year did Sundiata Keita's forces conquer Sosso, marking the emergence of Mali as a major power?
Medium
52.Complete the sentence about the end of the Mali Empire.
Medium
After the disastrous defeat outside Djenne in 1599, the Mali Empire rapidly disintegrated and was replaced by independent ____. The Keitas retreated to the town of ____.
53.Explain how Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca affected Egypt.
Hard
54.Explain how the trans-Saharan trade contributed to the rise of the Mali Empire.
Hard
55.Explain how the decline of the Ghana Empire contributed to the rise of the Mali Empire.
Hard
56.Explain how the trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt contributed to the rise of the Mali Empire.
Hard
57.A historian writes: "While the accounts are of limited length, they provide a fairly good picture of the empire at its height." Explain how useful the written accounts of Arab and North African writers are for studying the Mali Empire.
Hard
58.In what year did Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca begin?
Easy
- A1324
- B1588
- C1456
- D1192
59.In which year did Mansa Musa begin his pilgrimage to Mecca?
Easy
- A1456
- B1192
- C1588
- D1324
60.In which year did Sakura, a former slave who had risen to the rank of general, carry out a military coup?
Medium
- A1156 year
- B1414 year
- C1543 year
- D1285 year
61.In which year did Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca end?
Easy
- A1193 CE
- B1326 CE
- C1459 CE
- D1592 CE
62.In what year did Sundiata Keita's forces conquer Sosso, marking the emergence of Mali as a major power?
Medium
- A1483 CE
- B1235 CE
- C1111 CE
- D1359 CE

復習ノート

## The Mali Empire (c. 1235–1610) **What it was:** An empire in West Africa, and at its peak the largest in West Africa. It spread its language, laws and customs across the region. **Where it began:** As a small Mandinka kingdom at the upper reaches of the Niger River, centred on the Manding region. It grew during the 11th–12th centuries as the Ghana Empire (Wagadu) declined and trade centres shifted south. ## Rise - **Sundiata Keita** (c. 1214–c. 1255), a warrior-prince of the Keita dynasty, was called on to free local people from **Soumaoro Kanté**, king of the Sosso Empire. - The conquest of Sosso in **c. 1235** marked Mali's emergence as a major power. - Its constitution was the **Kouroukan Fouga**. - After Sundiata's death (c. 1255), rulers took the title **mansa**. - In 1285 **Sakura**, a former slave turned general, seized power in a coup; after his death the Keita line was restored under Mansa Gao (c. 1300–1305). ## Mansa Musa and the Golden Age - **Mansa Musa** took the throne c. 1312. - He made a famous **pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca, 1324–1326**. His generous gifts and spending of gold caused **significant inflation in Egypt**. - Maghan I succeeded him c. 1337, but was deposed by his uncle **Suleyman** in 1341. **Ibn Battuta visited Mali during Suleyman's 19-year reign.** - Suleyman's death ended Mali's **Golden Age** and began a slow decline. ## Trade and Timbuktu - Mali's wealth rested on the **trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt**. - **Timbuktu** was a centre of Islamic learning, famous for its **manuscripts**. ## Decline - Mali was still sizeable in the 15th century (confirmed by Alvise Cadamosto, Portuguese traders, and later Leo Africanus). - From **1507** neighbouring states — Diarra, Great Fulo, Yatenga and the **Songhai Empire** — took territory. - Songhai invaded the capital in 1544/45 but failed to conquer the empire. - A brief late-16th-century comeback ended with a **disastrous defeat outside Djenne in 1599**. - The empire then disintegrated into independent chiefdoms; the Keitas retreated to **Kangaba**, becoming provincial chiefs. ## How we know: sources - **Ibn Khaldun** (Tunisian historian, 14th century), **Ibn Battuta** (Moroccan traveller, visited 1352 — the first eyewitness account of a West African kingdom), **Leo Africanus** (Andalusian traveller, 16th century), and **Shihab al-'Umari** (c. 1340, information from Malians on hajj). - **Mandinka oral tradition**, recorded by storytellers called **griots**. - After Ibn Khaldun's death (1406), the main written sources are **Portuguese accounts** of Mali's coastal provinces. ## Name - Mali, Mandé, Manden, Mande-Bissa and Manding are pronunciations of the same word. - Medieval sources disagree whether Mali named a town or a region; the name came to be applied to the whole empire.

Mali Empire: An empire in West Africa from c. 1235 to 1610; at its peak the largest empire in West Africa.
Sundiata Keita: Warrior-prince of the Keita dynasty (c. 1214–c. 1255) who founded the Mali Empire; called upon to free local people from Soumaoro Kanté.
mansa: The title used for the kings or emperors of Mali after the death of Sundiata Keita.
Mansa Musa: Mali's most renowned monarch (took the throne c. 1312), famous for his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324–1326, whose gifts and gold spending caused significant inflation in Egypt.
hajj: The pilgrim's voyage to Mecca.
trans-Saharan trade: Trade across the Sahara; in Mali's case especially in gold and salt, the basis of its wealth.
Timbuktu: A centre of Islamic learning in the Mali Empire, known for its manuscripts.
Kouroukan Fouga: The constitution of the Mali Empire, associated with its emergence as a major power after the conquest of Sosso in c. 1235.
Sosso Empire: The empire ruled by Soumaoro Kanté; its conquest by Sundiata Keita in c. 1235 marked Mali's emergence as a major power.
griots: Mandinka storytellers who recorded oral tradition, a major source of information about the Mali Empire.
Ibn Battuta: Moroccan traveller who visited Mali in 1352, leaving the first account of a West African kingdom made directly by an eyewitness.
Ibn Khaldun: 14th-century Tunisian historian, a key written source on the Mali Empire; after his death in 1406 there are no further Arab primary sources except Leo Africanus.
Leo Africanus: 16th-century Andalusian traveller whose descriptions showed Mali was still a kingdom of considerable size at the beginning of the 16th century.
Songhai Empire: A neighbouring state that, from 1507 onwards, chipped away at Mali's borders and invaded its capital in 1544/45.

フラッシュカード

When did the Mali Empire exist?

The Mali Empire existed from c. 1235 to 1610.

Who founded the Mali Empire?

Sundiata Keita founded the Mali Empire.

What was the title of the rulers of Mali after Sundiata Keita's death?

After Sundiata Keita's death, the rulers were called mansa.

Which empire did Sundiata Keita defeat to establish Mali as a major power?

Sundiata Keita defeated the Sosso Empire, marking Mali's emergence as a major power in c. 1235.

What was the Kouroukan Fouga?

The Kouroukan Fouga was the constitution of the Mali Empire.

Who was Mansa Musa?

Mansa Musa was a ruler of the Mali Empire who reigned from c. 1312 and is known for his wealth and his pilgrimage to Mecca.

When did Mansa Musa make his pilgrimage to Mecca?

Mansa Musa made his pilgrimage to Mecca from 1324 to 1326.

What effect did Mansa Musa's spending have during his pilgrimage?

His generous gifts and expenditure of gold caused significant inflation in Egypt.

Which traveller visited Mali during the reign of Suleyman?

Ibn Battuta visited Mali during the 19-year reign of Suleyman.

What marked the end of Mali's Golden Age?

The death of Suleyman marked the end of Mali's Golden Age and the beginning of a slow decline.

What was Timbuktu known for in the Mali Empire?

Timbuktu was a centre of Islamic learning and was known for its manuscripts.

What were the main goods traded across the Sahara involving Mali?

Gold and salt were the main goods traded across the Sahara.

Which historian wrote about the Mali Empire in the 14th century?

Ibn Khaldun, a 14th-century Tunisian historian, wrote about the Mali Empire.

Who were the griots?

Griots were Mandinka storytellers who recorded and passed on oral tradition.

What was the hajj?

The hajj is the pilgrim's voyage to Mecca.

Which neighbouring states chipped away at Mali's borders from 1507 onwards?

Diarra, Great Fulo, Yatenga, and the Songhai Empire chipped away at Mali's borders from 1507 onwards.

What happened to the Mali Empire after the defeat outside Djenne in 1599?

After the defeat outside Djenne in 1599, the empire rapidly disintegrated and was replaced by independent chiefdoms.

Where did the Keitas retreat after the fall of the Mali Empire?

The Keitas retreated to the town of Kangaba, where they became provincial chiefs.

What was the capital of the Mali Empire?

The capital of the Mali Empire was called Mali, also known as Melli.

What does the name 'Mali' mean?

Mali is the Fula form of the word; in Manding languages, Manden or Manding is the name of the region corresponding to the heartland of the Mali Empire.

Which empire did Mali replace as the dominant power in West Africa?

Mali began to develop as the Ghana Empire declined.

What was the significance of the Catalan Atlas for Mali?

The 1375 Catalan Atlas portrayed a 'city of Melly' in West Africa.

Who was Sakura?

Sakura was a former slave who became a general and carried out a military coup in 1285.

What was the main source of information about the Mali Empire?

The main sources are the writings of Arab historians and travellers such as Ibn Khaldun, Ibn Battuta, and Leo Africanus, as well as Mandinka oral tradition.

What was the role of Mansa Musa in the spread of Islam in Mali?

Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca and his promotion of Islamic learning helped spread Islam in Mali.

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