Diseases & Immunity

9.Statements 1 to 4 describe stages in the development of cholera. 1. Chloride ions are secreted into the gut. 2. Osmosis causes water to move into the gut. 3. The infected person becomes dehydrated. 4. Toxins are produced by the pathogenic bacteria. What is the correct sequence of the four stages?

10.Which of the following is a correct definition for the term transmissible disease?

11.Passive and active immunity have which of the following features in common? 1. They are always long-term. 2. They always involve the activity of memory cells. 3. They involve antibodies. 4. They can be acquired by vaccination.

12.Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox. The graph shows the concentration of antibodies in the blood of a patient after vaccination against VZV. What most likely happened at point X to cause the increase in antibody concentration?

13.A child is vaccinated against measles. A few years later, the child is exposed to the measles virus. The graph shows the concentration of measles antibodies in the child’s blood over time. Which statement is consistent with the information in the graph?

14.Which row in the table correctly describes the attributes of passive immunity? | Row | Effective period | Antibodies made by the body? | Memory cells produced? | |---|---|---|---| | A | long term | yes | no | | B | long term | yes | yes | | C | short term | no | no | | D | short term | no | yes |

15.The diagram shows a bacterium with proteins on its surface (X). The diagram also shows proteins made by the human body (Y). Which row shows the correct combination for destroying the bacterium?

16.Which of the following diseases can be transmitted by contact with contaminated surfaces?

17.The graph shows the response of the body to vaccination. What should replace the letter X on the y-axis label?

18.A tissue is transplanted from a female donor to a male recipient and is rejected. What is the main cause of this rejection?

19.A population of 1000 people is exposed to a new infectious disease. 800 are vaccinated, 200 are not. The vaccine is 90% effective. If the disease has a basic reproduction number (R0) of 4, what is the approximate percentage of the population that is immune?

20.The diagram shows a bacterium with surface proteins X and human antibodies Y. Which row correctly describes how the antibodies destroy the bacterium?

21.A population of 1000 people is exposed to a new infectious disease. 800 are vaccinated, 200 are not. The vaccine is 90% effective. If the disease has a basic reproduction number (R0) of 5, what is the minimum percentage of the population that must be immune to achieve herd immunity?

22.Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in the development of cholera symptoms?

23.Which of the following is a mechanical barrier to pathogen entry?

24.The graph shows antibody concentration after vaccination. At point X, antibody concentration increases sharply. What is the most likely cause?

25.Which disease can be transmitted by contaminated food or water?

26.In an experiment to measure the effect of vaccination on antibody production, a group of mice is vaccinated and another group is not. Both groups are later exposed to the pathogen. Which graph would show the expected antibody response?

27.Which of the following is a correct definition of passive immunity?

28.A vaccine contains weakened pathogens. Why are weakened pathogens used instead of dead ones?

29.Which type of white blood cell is responsible for producing antibodies?

30.What is the name of the molecule on the surface of a pathogen that triggers an immune response?

31.Which of the following is an example of a transmissible disease?

32.The diagram shows a bacterium with surface proteins (X) and human antibodies (Y). Which row correctly describes how the antibodies destroy the bacterium? (Diagram: icon_scene with bacterium icon, labels X on surface proteins, Y on Y-shaped antibody icons near bacterium)

33.Which row correctly describes passive immunity?

34.The graph shows antibody concentration after vaccination. At point X, antibody concentration increases sharply. What is the most likely cause? (Diagram: icon_scene showing a line graph with axes: time on x-axis, antibody concentration on y-axis; curve rises after vaccination, then a sharp rise at point X labelled 'second exposure')

35.Which of the following is a correct sequence of events in an immune response to a pathogen?

36.Which type of white blood cell engulfs and digests pathogens?

37.What is the name of the disease-causing organism that can be transmitted from one host to another?

38.Which of the following is a mechanical barrier that helps prevent pathogens from entering the body?

39.Antibodies are produced by phagocytes.

40.Which of the following correctly describes how cholera bacteria cause diarrhoea?

41.Vaccination provides protection against disease by:

42.Passive immunity is long-lasting because the body produces its own memory cells.

43.Match each term on the left with its correct description on the right.

44.Place the following steps in the correct order for how cholera causes diarrhoea.

45.Which of the following are examples of chemical barriers used by the body to defend against pathogens? (Select all that apply)

46.Match each body defence on the left with its correct type on the right.

47.Complete the sentence.

48.In a population of 1000 people, 800 are vaccinated against a disease. The vaccine is 90% effective. If the disease has a basic reproduction number (R0) of 4 in an unvaccinated population, what is the effective reproduction number (R) in this population? Give your answer to one decimal place.

49.Explain why a person who recovers from a disease such as chickenpox is usually immune to that disease for life, but may still get a cold caused by a different virus.

50.In a population of 1000 people, 800 are vaccinated against a disease. The vaccine is 90% effective. If the disease has a basic reproduction number (R0) of 4 in an unvaccinated population, what is the effective reproduction number (R) in this population? Give your answer to one decimal place.