Vocabulary: roots, prefixes and suffixes

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What is Morphology?

Morphology is the study of how words are formed and how they relate to one another.
It investigates the structure of words in terms of morphemes, the smallest units with meaning or grammatical function.
Morphemes include roots that can stand alone as words, and affixes that must attach to other morphemes.
For example, catch and ‑ing are both morphemes; catch can be a word on its own, and with ‑ing forms catching.
Morphology also looks at how words behave as parts of speech and how they change for number, tense, and aspect.
It considers productivity: how speakers create new words in specific contexts, and how these processes change over time.

Morphemes: Roots and Affixes

A root is the core morpheme that carries the main meaning of a word and can often stand alone.
An affix is a morpheme that attaches to a root or stem and cannot usually stand alone.
Prefixes are affixes added to the beginning of a word (e.g., un‑ in unhappy).
Suffixes are affixes added to the end of a word (e.g., ‑ness in happiness).
Affixes can change a word's meaning, its word class (part of speech), or both.

Common Prefixes and Their Meanings

un‑ means 'not' or 'opposite of' (e.g., unfair, undo).
re‑ means 'again' or 'back' (e.g., rewrite, return).
pre‑ means 'before' (e.g., preview, prehistoric).
dis‑ means 'not' or 'away' (e.g., disagree, disappear).
mis‑ means 'wrongly' or 'badly' (e.g., misunderstand, misspell).
sub‑ means 'under' or 'below' (e.g., submarine, subway).

Common Suffixes and Their Effects

‑ness forms nouns from adjectives, meaning 'state of being' (e.g., kindness from kind).
‑ful forms adjectives from nouns, meaning 'full of' (e.g., hopeful from hope).
‑less forms adjectives meaning 'without' (e.g., fearless from fear).
‑ly often forms adverbs from adjectives (e.g., quickly from quick).
‑er can form nouns meaning 'one who does' (e.g., teacher from teach) or comparatives (e.g., faster).
‑able forms adjectives meaning 'can be' (e.g., readable from read).

Latin and Greek Roots

Many English words are built from Latin and Greek roots.
Latin root port means 'carry' (e.g., transport, portable).
Latin root dict means 'say' or 'speak' (e.g., predict, dictionary).
Greek root graph means 'write' or 'draw' (e.g., autograph, graphic).
Greek root tele means 'far off' (e.g., telephone, television).
Knowing common roots helps you work out the meaning of unfamiliar words.

Word Families and Word Formation

A word family is a group of words that share the same root or base.
For example, act, action, active, react, and actor belong to the same word family.
Word formation rules create new words (new lexemes), such as dog catcher or dishwasher.
Inflection rules create different forms of the same word, such as dogs from dog.
The difference between inflection and word formation is not always clear-cut.

Working Out Unfamiliar Words

Break an unfamiliar word into its prefix, root, and suffix to guess its meaning.
Use context—the surrounding words and sentences—to check and refine your guess.
For example, un‑ + help + ‑ful suggests 'not giving help' or 'not helpful'.
Combining word parts with context clues makes you a more independent reader.

Synonyms, Antonyms and Shades of Meaning

Synonyms are words with similar meanings (e.g., big and large).
Antonyms are words with opposite meanings (e.g., hot and cold).
Synonyms often have shades of meaning: big, huge, and enormous differ in intensity.
Choosing the precise word makes your writing clearer and more effective.

Etymology and Borrowing

Etymology is the study of the origin and history of words.
English has borrowed words from many languages, including Latin, Greek, French, and Norse.
For example, telephone comes from Greek roots tele ('far') and phone ('sound').
Understanding etymology can explain unusual spellings and meanings.

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1.Which term means 'the smallest unit in a language with some independent meaning or grammatical function'?
Easy
- AMorpheme
- BSyllable
- CPhoneme
- DSentence
2.Which of the following are affixes? (select all that apply)
Medium
- A-ing
- Bun-
- C-ness
- Dcatch
- Edog
3.A root can exist as a word by itself.
Easy
True or false?
4.Match each term to its definition.
Medium
- Morpheme
- Lexeme
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Smallest meaningful unit
- Set of inflected word-forms
- Creates variant forms of the same lexeme
- Creates new lexemes
5.Put these linguistic units in order from smallest to largest scale.
Medium
- Phoneme
- Morpheme
- Word
- Phrase
- Sentence
6.In the word 'catching', what is the suffix?
Easy
- Acatch
- B-ing
- Ccat
- D-ch
7.Which of the following pairs are distinct lexemes?
Medium
- Aeat and eater
- Beat and eats
- Ceat and eaten
- Deat and ate
8.The word 'unhappy' contains a prefix.
Easy
True or false?

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9.Which of these words contain a suffix? (select all that apply)
Easy
- Acatching
- Bunhappy
- Ceater
- Ddishwasher
- Ecatch
10.Match each prefix to its meaning.
Medium
- un-
- re-
- pre-
- mis-
- not
- again
- before
- wrongly
11.Put these steps in the best order for working out the meaning of an unfamiliar word from its parts.
Medium
- Identify any prefix and its meaning
- Identify the root and its meaning
- Identify any suffix and how it changes the word class
- Combine the meanings to build a likely definition
12.Which of these words are formed from Latin or Greek roots? (select all that apply)
Medium
- Atelephone
- Bbiography
- Ckindness
- Dunhappy
- Egeology
13.In the word 'disagreement', what is the root?
Medium
- Aagree
- Bdis
- Cment
- Ddisagree
14.The suffix '-ness' changes an adjective into a noun.
Easy
True or false?
15.Which of these pairs are antonyms? (select all that apply)
Medium
- Ahappy / sad
- Bbig / large
- Cfast / slow
- Dbegin / start
- Ehot / cold
16.Match each word to its root.
Medium
- biography
- telephone
- geology
- autograph
- bio
- tele
- geo
- graph
17.Which sentence uses the word 'incredible' correctly?
Medium
- AThe magician's trick was incredible; nobody could explain it.
- BThe magician's trick was incredible; it was very boring.
- CThe magician's trick was incredible; it was quite ordinary.
- DThe magician's trick was incredible; it was easy to understand.
18.Which of these words is formed by adding the prefix 'un-' to a root?
Easy
- Aunhappy
- Bunder
- Cunit
- Duncle
19.Which of these words contains a suffix that changes the word from an adjective to a noun?
Medium
- Ahappiness
- Bquickly
- Cbeautiful
- Dteacher
20.Which of the following words contain a prefix meaning 'not' or 'opposite'? (select all that apply)
Medium
- Aunhappy
- Bdisagree
- Cincomplete
- Dpreview
- Erewrite
21.Which of the following words are formed using a suffix? (select all that apply)
Medium
- Ateacher
- Bquickly
- Cunhappy
- Ddisagree
- Ehappiness
22.Read this sentence: 'The abandoned house looked derelict, with broken windows and a sagging roof.' What does the word 'derelict' most likely mean?
Medium
- AIn a very poor condition as a result of disuse and neglect
- BNewly built and modern
- CFull of people and activity
- DCarefully maintained and repaired
23.Which of the following words contain a suffix that changes the word from a verb to a noun? (select all that apply)
Medium
- Ateacher
- Bquickly
- Chappiness
- Dcareful
- Edisagreement
24.The suffix '-less' in 'careless' changes the meaning to 'without care'.
Easy
True or false?
25.Read this sentence: 'The teacher's explanation was concise, giving only the essential information without any unnecessary detail.' What does 'concise' mean?
Medium
- AGiving a lot of information in few words
- BLong and detailed
- CConfusing and unclear
- DBoring and repetitive
26.Which of the following is the best definition of a morpheme?
Easy
- Athe smallest unit in a language with some independent meaning or grammatical function
- Ba word that can stand alone as a sentence
- Ca letter that represents a speech sound
- Da group of words that forms a phrase
27.Which of the following pairs are distinct lexemes? (select all that apply)
Medium
- Aeat and eater
- Beat and eats
- Cdog and dogs
- Dcatch and catching
- Ehappy and unhappy
28.Which of these words contain the root 'port' meaning 'carry'? (select all that apply)
Medium
- Atransport
- Bimport
- Creport
- Dportable
- Esupport
29.Which sentence uses the word 'reluctant' correctly?
Medium
- AShe was reluctant to leave the party because she was enjoying herself so much.
- BHe was reluctant to the party and arrived early.
- CThey were reluctant very happy about the news.
- DThe food was reluctant and tasted strange.
30.Which of the following sentences use the correct word class for the word 'effect' or 'affect'? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AThe new rules will affect everyone in the school.
- BThe new rules will effect everyone in the school.
- CThe new rules will have an effect on everyone in the school.
- DThe new rules will have an affect on everyone in the school.
- EThe effect of the new rules was immediate.
31.Which of the following sentences use a word with a suffix that changes the word class correctly? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AHer kindness surprised everyone.
- BHe walked quickness to the door.
- CThe teacher's explanation was very clearness.
- DThey discussed the problem calmly.
- EHis argument was full of strongness.
32.In the word 'disagreement', the root is 'agree'.
Easy
True or false?
33.Read this sentence: 'The abandoned house looked derelict, with broken windows and a sagging roof.' Which word in the sentence best supports the meaning of 'derelict' as 'in a very poor condition'?
Medium
- Aabandoned
- Bbroken
- Csagging
- Dlooked
34.Read this sentence: 'The teacher's explanation was concise, giving only the essential information without any unnecessary detail.' What effect does the word 'concise' have on the reader's impression of the teacher?
Medium
- AIt suggests the teacher was vague and unclear.
- BIt suggests the teacher was clear and efficient.
- CIt suggests the teacher was boring and slow.
- DIt suggests the teacher was strict and unkind.
35.Read this sentence: 'Despite the heavy rain, the team remained resolute and continued playing.' What does 'resolute' most likely mean?
Medium
- Auncertain
- Bdetermined
- Ctired
- Dcheerful
36.Read this sentence: 'The scientist's findings were inconclusive, so further experiments were needed.' What does 'inconclusive' mean?
Medium
- Aleading to a clear decision
- Bnot leading to a firm decision or result
- Cbased on strong evidence
- Dcompletely false
37.Read this sentence: 'The politician's speech was full of bombastic language, impressing some but alienating others.' Which of the following words could replace 'bombastic' without changing the meaning? (select all that apply)
Medium
- Apompous
- Bgrandiose
- Chumble
- Dhigh-flown
- Esimple
38.In the word 'unhappiness', the prefix 'un-' changes the meaning to 'not' or 'opposite of'.
Easy
True or false?
39.Put these steps in the best order for working out the meaning of an unfamiliar word from its parts and context.
Medium
- Identify any prefix or suffix.
- Identify the root word.
- Use the meaning of the parts to predict the word's meaning.
- Check the prediction against the surrounding context.
40.Read this sentence: 'The charity's work was invaluable, providing essential support to hundreds of families.' What does 'invaluable' mean?
Hard
- Anot valuable
- Bextremely valuable
- Cof little importance
- Dworthless
41.What is the term for the rules that relate different forms of the same lexeme, such as forming 'dogs' from 'dog'?
Easy
42.Complete the sentence with the correct linguistic term.
Easy
The study of how words are formed and how they relate to one another is called ____.
43.Complete the sentence with the correct term.
Medium
The process of adding a prefix or suffix to a root to create a new word is called ____.
44.Complete the sentence with the correct word.
Easy
The prefix 're-' in 'rewrite' means ____.
45.What is the suffix in the word 'happiness'?
Easy
46.In the word 'unhappiness', what is the root?
Medium
47.Complete the sentence with the correct word. The prefix 're-' in 'rewrite' means '___'.
Medium
The prefix 're-' in 'rewrite' means '____'.
48.Complete the sentence with the correct word. The suffix '-less' changes a noun to an adjective meaning 'without ___.'
Medium
The suffix '-less' changes a noun to an adjective meaning 'without ____.'
49.Complete the sentence with the correct word. The prefix 'anti-' in 'antibiotic' means '___'.
Medium
The prefix 'anti-' in 'antibiotic' means '____'.
50.What is the root in the word 'disagreement'?
Medium
51.What does the prefix 're-' in 'rewrite' mean?
Medium
52.What does the prefix 'anti-' in 'antibiotic' mean?
Medium
53.Explain the difference between inflectional rules and word formation rules in morphology.
Hard
54.Explain how the suffix '-er' changes the meaning of a word, using the example 'teach' and 'teacher'.
Hard
55.Explain how the suffix '-ful' changes the meaning and word class of a word, using the example 'care' and 'careful'.
Hard

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## Vocabulary: Roots, Prefixes and Suffixes ### Morphology and Morphemes - **Morphology** is the study of how words are formed and how they relate to one another. - **Morpheme**: the smallest unit in a language with some independent meaning or grammatical function. - Morphemes include **roots** that can exist as words by themselves, and **affixes** that can only appear as part of a larger word. - Example: in *catching*, the root *catch* and the suffix *-ing* are both morphemes. *Catch* can stand alone; *-ing* cannot. ### Lexemes and Word-Forms - A **lexeme** is a set of inflected word-forms, often represented by the citation form in small capitals. - For instance, the lexeme EAT includes the word-forms *eat*, *eats*, *eaten*, and *ate*. - *Eat* and *eater* are distinct lexemes because they represent two different concepts. ### Inflection vs. Word Formation - **Inflectional rules** relate different forms of the same lexeme (e.g., *dog* → *dogs*). - **Word formation rules** create new lexemes (e.g., *dog catcher*, *dishwasher*). - Inflection yields variant forms of the "same" word; word formation forms "new" words. ### Prefixes and Suffixes - **Prefixes** attach before a root; **suffixes** attach after it. Both are affixes. - They can change meaning or word class (part of speech). - Example: *happy* → *unhappy* (prefix changes meaning); *teach* → *teacher* (suffix changes word class). ### Working Out Unfamiliar Words - Break a word into its morphemes: root + affixes. - Use the meaning of each part and the surrounding context to infer the whole word's meaning. ### Word Families, Synonyms, Antonyms - **Word families** are groups of words sharing a common root (e.g., *act*, *action*, *active*, *react*). - **Synonyms** are words with similar meanings; **antonyms** have opposite meanings. - **Shades of meaning**: synonyms can differ in intensity or nuance (e.g., *sprint* vs. *jog*). ### Etymology and Borrowing - **Etymology** is the study of the origin and history of words. - English has borrowed words from many languages, especially Latin and Greek, which often supply roots and affixes. ### Key Terms - **Morpheme**: smallest meaningful unit. - **Root**: morpheme that can stand alone as a word. - **Affix**: morpheme that attaches to a root (prefix, suffix). - **Lexeme**: set of inflected word-forms. - **Inflection**: variation of a lexeme for grammatical categories. - **Word formation**: creation of new lexemes. - **Etymology**: origin and history of a word. ### Exam Tips - Identify the root first, then any prefixes or suffixes. - Check whether the affix changes meaning or word class. - Use context to confirm your guess about an unfamiliar word. - Remember: *catch* + *-ing* = *catching*; *eat* and *eater* are different lexemes.

Morphology: The study of how words are formed, and how they relate to one another within a language.
Morpheme: The smallest unit in a language with some independent meaning or grammatical function.
Root: A morpheme that can exist as a word by itself.
Affix: A morpheme that can only appear as part of a larger word, such as a prefix or suffix.
Prefix: An affix attached before a root, e.g., un- in unhappy.
Suffix: An affix attached after a root, e.g., -ing in catching.
Lexeme: A set of inflected word-forms that is often represented with the citation form in small capitals.
Word-form: A specific inflected form of a lexeme, e.g., eat, eats, eaten, ate are word-forms of the lexeme EAT.
Inflection: Morphological rules that relate to different forms of the same lexeme, e.g., dog to dogs.
Word formation: Morphological rules that relate to different lexemes, creating new words, e.g., dog catcher or dishwasher.
Etymology: The study of the origin and history of words.
Synonym: A word with a similar meaning to another.
Antonym: A word with an opposite meaning to another.
Word family: A group of words sharing a common root, e.g., act, action, active, react.

Thẻ ghi nhớ

What is morphology?

Morphology is the study of how words are formed and how they relate to one another within a language.

What is a morpheme?

A morpheme is the smallest unit in a language with some independent meaning or grammatical function.

Give an example of a root morpheme and a suffix morpheme in English.

In 'catching', the root 'catch' and the suffix '-ing' are both morphemes.

What is the difference between a root and an affix?

A root can exist as a word by itself, while an affix can only appear as part of a larger word.

What is an inflectional rule?

An inflectional rule relates different forms of the same lexeme, such as forming the plural 'dogs' from 'dog'.

What is a word formation rule?

A word formation rule creates new lexemes, such as forming 'dog catcher' or 'dishwasher'.

What is a lexeme?

A lexeme is a set of inflected word-forms that is often represented with the citation form in small capitals.

What is a word-form?

A word-form is a specific inflected form of a lexeme, such as 'eats', 'eaten', or 'ate' for the lexeme 'eat'.

How do 'eat' and 'eater' differ in morphological terms?

'Eat' and 'eater' are distinct lexemes because they represent two different concepts.

What is a clitic?

A clitic is a hybrid linguistic unit that has the grammatical features of independent words but the prosodic lack of freedom of bound morphemes.

What is morphological typology?

Morphological typology is a field that categorises languages based on the morphological features they exhibit.

Who introduced the term 'morphology' into linguistics and when?

August Schleicher introduced the term 'morphology' into linguistics in 1859.

What did Pāṇini contribute to morphology?

Pāṇini formulated 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology in the text Aṣṭādhyāyī using a constituency grammar.

How does morphology relate to phonology and syntax in terms of scale?

Morphology operates at a larger scale than phonology and at a smaller scale than syntax.

What is the difference between a prosodic word and a morphological word?

A prosodic word is a phonological unit, while a morphological word is a grammatical unit; they do not always coincide, as in Latin '-que' or Kwak'wala affixes.

Give an example of how Latin expresses 'apples and oranges' morphologically.

Latin can suffix '-que' to the second noun phrase, as in 'apples oranges-and'.

In Kwak'wala, how are meaning relations like possession expressed?

They are expressed by affixes rather than by independent words, and these affixes may attach to the preceding lexeme.

What is the difference between inflection and word formation?

Inflection yields variant forms of the same lexeme, while word formation creates new lexemes.

Why is the distinction between inflection and word formation not clear-cut?

There are many examples where linguists fail to agree whether a given rule is inflection or word formation.

What does productivity mean in morphology?

Productivity refers to how speakers create words in specific contexts.

What is the scope of morphology?

Morphology investigates the structure of words in terms of morphemes, how words behave as parts of speech, and how they may be inflected to express grammatical categories such as number, tense, and aspect.

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