Formulae Functional Groups And Terminology

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课程笔记

Organic Formulae

Organic compounds contain carbon (except metal carbonates, CO₂, CO).
A hydrocarbon contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms.
The displayed formula shows the spatial arrangement of all atoms and bonds.
In displayed formulae, show all bonds between atoms (e.g., O–H bond in alcohols).
Other representations: general formula and structural formula.

Displayed formula example

Homologous Series

A homologous series is a family of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties.
The functional group is a specific arrangement of atoms responsible for characteristic reactions.
Key series: alkanes (C–C), alkenes (C=C), alcohols (–OH).
All members have the same general formula and differ by CH₂.
Example: ethanol (C₂H₅OH) and propanol (C₃H₇OH) both have general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH.

Table of compounds & their functional groups

Saturated & Unsaturated Compounds

Saturated compounds have only single carbon-carbon bonds (C–C).
Alkanes are saturated; general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂.
First three alkanes: methane (CH₄), ethane (C₂H₆), propane (C₃H₈).
Unsaturated compounds contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond (C=C).
Alkenes are unsaturated; general formula CₙH₂ₙ.
First three alkenes: ethene (C₂H₄), propene (C₃H₆), butene (C₄H₈).
Mnemonic: Saturated = Single bonds; Unsaturated = doUble bonds.

Ethene (C2H4) — displayed formula

Naming Organic Compounds: Stems & Suffixes

The stem indicates the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain: meth- (1), eth- (2), prop- (3), but- (4), pent- (5), hex- (6).
The suffix indicates the functional group: -ane (alkane), -ene (alkene), -anol (alcohol), -anoic acid (carboxylic acid).
Example: C₃H₆ with C=C is propene; C₃H₇OH is propanol.
For chains longer than 2 carbons, use a number to locate the functional group (e.g., propan-1-ol, but-2-ene).
Numbering starts from the end that gives the lowest numbers.

Naming suffixes

Naming Carboxylic Acids & Esters (Extended)

Carboxylic acids end in -anoic acid; the –COOH carbon is always C1, so no number needed.
Esters are named from the alcohol and carboxylic acid that formed them: alkyl alkanoate.
The alcohol part (C–O single bond) gives the first part (e.g., methyl, ethyl).
The carboxylic acid part (C=O) gives the second part (e.g., methanoate, ethanoate).
Example: CH₃COOCH₂CH₃ is ethyl ethanoate.

Methyl ethanoate (C3H6O2) — displayed formula

Displayed Formulae Examples

Propene: 3-carbon chain with a C=C double bond between C1 and C2.
Propan-1-ol: 3-carbon chain with –OH on C1.
Methyl methanoate: HCOOCH₃ – alcohol part = methyl, acid part = methanoate.
Always show all bonds, including C–H and O–H, in displayed formulae.

Propan-1-ol (C3H8O) — displayed formula

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练习题

免费预览——56 题中的 8 题。注册即可查看全部。

1.Complete the sentence about hydrocarbons.
Easy
A hydrocarbon is a compound that contains only ____ and ____ atoms.
2.Which of the following is the general formula for alkanes?
Easy
- ACₙH₂ₙ₊₂
- BCₙH₂ₙ
- CCₙH₂ₙ₋₂
- DCₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH
3.What is the functional group of alcohols?
Easy
4.Alkenes are saturated compounds.
Easy
True or false?
5.Complete the sentence about homologous series.
Easy
All members of a homologous series have the same ____ group and the same general formula.
6.Match the number of carbon atoms to the correct stem (prefix).
Medium
- 1 carbon
- 2 carbons
- 3 carbons
- meth
- eth
- prop
7.What is the name of the compound with the formula CH₃CH₂CH₂OH?
Medium
8.Which of the following is an unsaturated compound?
Medium
- AC₂H₆
- BC₂H₄
- CC₃H₈
- DCH₄

更多题目

9.How many carbon atoms are in the longest chain of pentanoic acid?
Easy
- A4
- B6
- C5
- D7
10.Arrange the following compounds in order of increasing number of carbon atoms: butane, methane, ethane, propane.
Easy
- butane
- methane
- ethane
- propane
11.Name the ester formed from methanol and methanoic acid.
Medium
12.What is the name of the compound with the displayed formula showing a 4-carbon chain with a double bond between the second and third carbons?
Medium
- Abut-1-ene
- Bbut-2-ene
- Cbut-1-yne
- Dbut-2-yne
13.A hydrocarbon is a compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms.
Easy
True or false?
14.What is the name of the functional group in alcohols?
Easy
- AHydroxyl group
- BCarbonyl group
- CCarboxyl group
- DAmino group
15.Match each prefix to the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain.
Easy
- meth-
- eth-
- prop-
- but-
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
16.Which of the following is the general formula for alkenes?
Easy
- ACnH2n
- BCnH2n+2
- CCnH2n-2
- DCnH2n+1OH
17.All members of a homologous series have the same functional group.
Easy
True or false?
18.Which of the following are characteristics of a homologous series? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- ASame general formula
- BSame functional group
- CSame molecular mass
- DDifference of CH2 between consecutive members
19.What is the name of the ester formed from methanol and methanoic acid?
Medium
- AMethyl methanoate
- BMethyl ethanoate
- CEthyl methanoate
- DEthyl ethanoate
20.A student tests two organic liquids, X and Y, with bromine water. X turns bromine water colourless, while Y does not. What can be concluded about X and Y?
Medium
- AX is saturated, Y is unsaturated
- BX is unsaturated, Y is saturated
- CBoth are saturated
- DBoth are unsaturated
21.All organic compounds contain carbon.
Easy
True or false?
22.Which of the following is the correct name for the compound with the displayed formula showing a 4-carbon chain with a double bond between carbon 2 and carbon 3?
Medium
- Abut-1-ene
- Bbut-2-ene
- Cbutane
- Dbut-2-yne
23.Match each functional group to its homologous series.
Medium
- -OH
- C=C
- -COOH
- C-C
- Alcohol
- Alkene
- Carboxylic acid
- Alkane
24.A compound has the molecular formula C₄H₁₀O. Which functional group could it contain?
Medium
- AC=C
- B-OH
- C-COOH
- DC=O
25.A student tests two organic compounds, X and Y, with bromine water. X turns bromine water colourless, while Y does not. Which statement about X and Y is correct?
Medium
- AX is saturated and Y is unsaturated
- BX is unsaturated and Y is saturated
- CX is an alkane and Y is an alkene
- DX is a hydrocarbon and Y is not
26.What is the general formula for alkanes?
Easy
- ACₙH₂ₙ₊₂
- BCₙH₂ₙ
- CCₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH
- DCₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOH
27.All organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen.
Easy
True or false?
28.What is the functional group of alkenes?
Easy
- AC=C
- BC-C
- C–OH
- D–COOH
29.Match each prefix to the number of carbon atoms.
Easy
- meth
- eth
- prop
- but
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
30.Which of the following is the general formula for alcohols?
Easy
- ACₙH₂ₙ₊₂
- BCₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH
- CCₙH₂ₙ
- DCₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOH
31.Arrange the following steps in the correct order to name an organic compound: (a) identify the longest carbon chain, (b) determine the functional group, (c) choose the appropriate suffix, (d) choose the appropriate prefix.
Medium
- identify the longest carbon chain
- determine the functional group
- choose the appropriate suffix
- choose the appropriate prefix
32.Alkenes are unsaturated compounds.
Easy
True or false?
33.Which of the following is the correct name for the ester formed from methanol and methanoic acid?
Medium
- Amethyl methanoate
- Bmethyl ethanoate
- Cethyl methanoate
- Dethyl ethanoate
34.A student tests two unknown organic compounds, X and Y, with bromine water. X turns bromine water colourless, while Y does not. Which statement about X and Y is correct?
Medium
- AX is a saturated compound and Y is an unsaturated compound
- BX is an unsaturated compound and Y is a saturated compound
- CBoth X and Y are saturated compounds
- DBoth X and Y are unsaturated compounds
35.Which of the following displayed formulae represents an unsaturated compound?
Medium
- AH H | | H-C-C-H | | H H
- BH H | | C=C / \ H H H H
- CH H H | | | H-C-C-C-H | | | H H H
- DH H | | H-C-O-H | H
36.Match each general formula to the correct homologous series.
Easy
- CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
- CₙH₂ₙ
- CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH
- Alkane
- Alkene
- Alcohol
37.All members of a homologous series have the same general formula.
Easy
True or false?
38.Arrange the following steps in the correct order to name an organic compound: (a) identify the longest carbon chain, (b) determine the functional group, (c) choose the appropriate suffix, (d) select the correct prefix based on the number of carbon atoms.
Medium
- identify the longest carbon chain
- select the correct prefix based on the number of carbon atoms
- determine the functional group
- choose the appropriate suffix
39.Arrange the following steps in the correct order to name an organic compound: (a) identify the longest carbon chain, (b) determine the functional group, (c) choose the correct suffix, (d) choose the correct prefix.
Medium
- identify the longest carbon chain
- choose the correct prefix
- determine the functional group
- choose the correct suffix
40.Arrange the following steps in the correct order to name an organic compound: (a) identify the longest carbon chain, (b) determine the functional group, (c) choose the prefix based on chain length, (d) add the suffix based on functional group.
Medium
- identify the longest carbon chain
- determine the functional group
- choose the prefix based on chain length
- add the suffix based on functional group
41.What is the name of the compound with the displayed formula showing a 5-carbon chain with a double bond between the second and third carbons?
Medium
- Apent-2-ene
- Bpent-1-ene
- Cpentane
- Dpent-2-yne
42.Match each functional group to the correct homologous series.
Medium
- C=C
- -OH
- -COOH
- -NH2
- alkene
- alcohol
- carboxylic acid
- amine
43.A student tests two organic compounds X and Y with bromine water. X turns bromine water colourless, while Y does not. Both compounds contain only carbon and hydrogen. What can be concluded about X and Y?
Medium
- AX is an alkane, Y is an alkene
- BX is unsaturated, Y is saturated
- CX is saturated, Y is unsaturated
- DX is methane, Y is ethene
44.Which of the following compounds is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
Medium
- AC₃H₈
- BC₄H₈
- CC₂H₅OH
- DCH₃COOH
45.Complete the sentence:
Easy
The general formula for alkanes is ____.
46.Complete the sentence.
Easy
The general formula of alkenes is Cₙ____.
47.What is the name of the compound with the formula CH₃CH₂OH?
Easy
48.How many hydrogen atoms are in a molecule of pentanoic acid?
Medium
49.How many hydrogen atoms are in one molecule of butane?
Easy
50.Complete the sentence about alkanes.
Medium
Alkanes are ____ compounds because they contain only ____ carbon-carbon bonds.
51.How many carbon atoms are in the longest chain of hexanoic acid?
Easy
52.Explain why alkenes are described as unsaturated compounds.
Medium
53.State what is meant by the term 'hydrocarbon'.
Easy
54.How many hydrogen atoms are in a molecule of pentanoic acid?
Medium
- A10
- B9
- C11
- D12
55.How many hydrogen atoms are in one molecule of butane?
Easy
- A12
- B11
- C9
- D10
56.How many carbon atoms are in the longest chain of hexanoic acid?
Easy
- A6
- B5
- C8
- D7

闪卡

What is a hydrocarbon?

A compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms.

What does the displayed formula of an organic compound show?

It shows the spatial arrangement of all the atoms and bonds in a molecule.

What is a homologous series?

A family of organic compounds with similar features and chemical properties due to having the same functional group.

What is a functional group?

A group of atoms bonded in a specific arrangement responsible for the characteristic reactions of each member of a homologous series.

What is the functional group of alkanes?

C-C single bonds.

What is the functional group of alkenes?

C=C double bond.

What is the functional group of alcohols?

-OH (hydroxyl group).

What are the name endings for alkanes, alkenes, and alcohols?

Alkanes end in -ane, alkenes end in -ene, alcohols end in -ol.

What is the general formula for alkanes?

CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

What is the general formula for alkenes?

CₙH₂ₙ

What is a saturated compound?

A molecule with only single carbon-carbon bonds (C-C). Alkanes are saturated.

What is an unsaturated compound?

A molecule with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds (C=C). Alkenes are unsaturated.

What does the stem 'meth' indicate in organic names?

One carbon atom in the longest chain.

What does the stem 'eth' indicate?

Two carbon atoms in the longest chain.

What does the stem 'prop' indicate?

Three carbon atoms in the longest chain.

What does the stem 'but' indicate?

Four carbon atoms in the longest chain.

What does the stem 'pent' indicate?

Five carbon atoms in the longest chain.

What does the stem 'hex' indicate?

Six carbon atoms in the longest chain.

Name the compound with 3 carbons and a C=C bond.

Propene.

Name the compound with 3 carbons and an -OH group.

Propanol.

What does the number in propan-1-ol indicate?

The -OH group is attached to the first carbon atom.

Why is there no need to number the carbon in carboxylic acids?

The carbon in the -COOH group is automatically the first carbon of the chain.

What is the name ending for carboxylic acids?

-anoic acid.

What are the two parts of an ester name based on?

The original alcohol and carboxylic acid from which it is prepared.

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