Modal verbs and degrees of possibility

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课程笔记

What are modal verbs?

Modal verbs are special helper verbs that show how likely, possible, or necessary something is.
The main modal verbs are: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would.
They always come before another verb (the main verb) and that verb stays in its base form (e.g., 'can go', 'might eat').
Modal verbs do not change for he/she/it (e.g., 'he can go', not 'he cans go').

Degrees of possibility

Modal verbs can be placed on a scale from possibility (maybe) to necessity (must).
May and might show possibility: 'It may rain' or 'It might rain' means maybe it will rain.
Can and could show ability or possibility: 'I can swim' (ability) or 'It could snow' (possibility).
Must shows strong necessity or certainty: 'You must wear a seatbelt' (obligation) or 'You must be tired' (certainty).
Should shows a weak obligation or probability: 'You should study' (advice) or 'It should be sunny' (likely).

Permission and obligation

May and can are used to ask for or give permission: 'May I go out?' or 'You can play now.'
Must and have to (not a modal but similar) show strong obligation: 'You must do your homework.'
Should shows a weaker obligation or advice: 'You should eat your vegetables.'
Must not (mustn't) means it is forbidden: 'You must not run in the hallway.'

Predictions and certainty

Will is used for predictions about the future: 'It will rain tomorrow.'
Must can show that you are almost certain about something: 'You must be hungry after that long walk.'
Should can show a likely outcome: 'The bus should arrive soon.'
May and might show less certainty: 'She may come to the party' or 'He might be late.'

Adverbs of possibility

Adverbs like perhaps, possibly, certainly, definitely, and surely also show how sure we are.
Certainly and definitely show high certainty: 'It will definitely rain.'
Perhaps and possibly show low certainty: 'Perhaps we can go to the park.'
Surely shows strong belief: 'Surely you can finish this puzzle.'
You can use these adverbs with modal verbs to be even more precise: 'It will certainly be fun.'

Choosing the right strength

In persuasive writing, use strong modals like must and will to sound confident: 'You must recycle.'
In scientific reports, use cautious modals like may or might to avoid overclaiming: 'The results may suggest...'
Think about your purpose: if you want to convince, be strong; if you are unsure, be careful.
Using the wrong strength can confuse your reader. For example, saying 'It might rain' when you are certain would be misleading.

Common mistakes to avoid

Don't add -s to modal verbs for he/she/it: say 'She can swim', not 'She cans swim'.
Don't use 'to' after a modal verb: say 'I must go', not 'I must to go'.
Don't use two modals together: say 'I will can help' is wrong; say 'I will be able to help'.
Remember that 'must' has no past form; use 'had to' for past obligation: 'I had to go.'

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练习题

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1.Which of these is a modal verb?
Easy
- Arun
- Bcan
- Chappy
- Dquickly
2.Modal verbs usually come before which form of another verb?
Easy
- Athe past tense
- Bthe base form
- Cthe -ing form
- Dthe past participle
3.Which modal verb is used to show that something is necessary or required?
Easy
- Amay
- Bmust
- Ccould
- Dmight
4.Choose the correct modal verb to complete the sentence: 'You ___ finish your homework before you play.'
Easy
- Amight
- Bcould
- Cmust
- Dmay
5.Which sentence uses 'may' to ask for permission?
Medium
- AMay I go to the bathroom?
- BIt may rain later.
- CShe may be at home.
- DI may have missed the bus.
6.Which of the following are modal verbs? (Select all that apply)
Easy
- Acan
- Bcould
- Cshould
- Drun
- Ehappy
7.Modal verbs can be used to show how certain or possible something is.
Easy
True or false?
8.The modal verb 'must' can be used to show strong obligation.
Easy
True or false?

复习笔记

## Modal Verbs and Degrees of Possibility – Quick Revision Modal verbs are special verbs that help the main verb show how likely, possible, necessary, or allowed something is. The main modal verbs are: **can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would** (and **ought to**). They usually come before the base form of another verb (e.g., *can go*, *might rain*). ### Degrees of Possibility Modal verbs show different strengths of possibility, from **possible** to **certain**. Here are some common ones, from weaker to stronger: - **might** – very weak possibility (e.g., *It might rain today.*) - **may** – weak possibility or permission (e.g., *You may go now.*) - **could** – past ability or polite possibility (e.g., *I could swim when I was five.*) - **can** – ability or strong possibility (e.g., *I can swim.*) - **should** – weak obligation or expectation (e.g., *You should do your homework.*) - **must** – strong obligation or certainty (e.g., *You must wear a seatbelt.*) ### Two Main Uses 1. **Epistemic** – talking about how sure we are that something is true. - Example: *You must be tired.* (I am almost certain you are tired.) 2. **Deontic** – talking about permission, duty, or obligation. - Example: *You must leave now.* (You are required to leave.) Some sentences can be ambiguous. For example, *You must speak Spanish* can mean "You are required to speak Spanish" (deontic) or "I am sure you speak Spanish" (epistemic). ### Adverbs of Possibility We can also use adverbs to show possibility. They work like modal verbs but are separate words. - **perhaps, possibly** – low possibility (e.g., *Perhaps it will snow.*) - **certainly, definitely, surely** – high possibility (e.g., *It will definitely rain.*) ### Choosing the Right Strength - In **persuasive writing**, use strong modals like *must* and *definitely* to sound confident. - In **scientific reports**, use cautious words like *might* and *possibly* to avoid making bold claims. ### Quick Tips - Modal verbs do not change form (no -s, -ed, -ing). - After a modal verb, use the base verb (no 'to'). - Use *ought to* like *should* (e.g., *You ought to apologize.*) Remember: The modal verb you choose changes how certain or necessary something sounds. Practice by writing sentences with different modals to see how the meaning changes!

Modal verb: A special verb that shows possibility, ability, permission, or obligation. Examples: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would.
Base form: The simplest form of a verb, without 'to' or any endings. For example, 'go' is the base form of 'going'.
Epistemic modality: When a modal verb shows how sure we are about something. For example, 'must' in 'You must be tired' means 'I am almost certain'.
Deontic modality: When a modal verb shows permission, duty, or obligation. For example, 'must' in 'You must leave now' means 'You are required to leave'.
Adverb of possibility: A word that shows how likely something is, like 'perhaps', 'possibly', 'certainly', 'definitely', or 'surely'.

闪卡

What is a modal verb?

A modal verb is a special verb that shows how likely, possible, or necessary something is. Examples: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would.

Name three modal verbs.

Can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would are all modal verbs. You can choose any three.

What does 'can' usually show?

'Can' shows ability or permission. For example: 'I can swim' means I am able to swim.

What does 'must' usually show?

'Must' shows strong necessity or obligation. For example: 'You must wear a seatbelt' means you have to do it.

What does 'may' show?

'May' shows possibility or permission. For example: 'It may rain' means it is possible, and 'May I go?' asks permission.

What does 'might' show?

'Might' shows a smaller possibility than 'may'. For example: 'I might come to the party' means maybe I will, but I'm not sure.

What does 'should' show?

'Should' shows advice or weak obligation. For example: 'You should eat vegetables' means it is a good idea.

What does 'will' show?

'Will' shows future prediction or certainty. For example: 'It will rain tomorrow' means I am sure it will happen.

What does 'would' show?

'Would' shows a polite request or a possible situation. For example: 'Would you like some tea?' is polite, and 'I would go if I could' is imaginary.

What does 'could' show?

'Could' shows past ability or a polite request. For example: 'I could run fast when I was young' and 'Could you help me?'

What does 'shall' show?

'Shall' is used for offers or suggestions, often with 'I' or 'we'. For example: 'Shall we go?' means 'Should we go?'

What is the base form of a verb?

The base form is the verb without 'to' or any ending. For example, 'go' is the base form of 'going'.

After a modal verb, what form of the main verb do we use?

We use the base form. For example: 'She can swim' (not 'swims' or 'swimming').

What are adverbs of possibility?

They are words like perhaps, possibly, certainly, definitely, and surely. They show how sure we are about something.

Which adverb means 100% sure?

'Definitely' or 'certainly' mean 100% sure. For example: 'I will definitely come.'

Which adverb means not sure?

'Perhaps' or 'possibly' mean not sure. For example: 'Perhaps it will rain.'

What is the difference between 'must' and 'might'?

'Must' means very sure or necessary. 'Might' means not sure, just possible. For example: 'He must be tired' vs 'He might be tired.'

What is the difference between 'can' and 'may' for permission?

'Can' is informal permission, 'may' is more formal. For example: 'Can I go?' is casual, 'May I go?' is polite.

What is the difference between 'will' and 'might'?

'Will' means it is certain or very likely. 'Might' means it is possible but not sure. For example: 'I will go' vs 'I might go.'

What is the difference between 'should' and 'must'?

'Should' is advice, not a strong rule. 'Must' is a strong rule or necessity. For example: 'You should brush your teeth' vs 'You must stop at a red light.'

What does 'epistemic' mean?

It is a fancy word for showing how sure we are about something. For example: 'He must be home' means I think it is almost certain.

What does 'deontic' mean?

It is a fancy word for showing permission or duty. For example: 'You must go' means you have to go.

Which modal is used for a polite request?

'Could' or 'would' are polite. For example: 'Could you pass the salt?' or 'Would you open the window?'

Which modal is used for a strong prediction?

'Will' is used for a strong prediction. For example: 'It will snow tonight.'

Which modal is used for ability in the past?

'Could' is used for past ability. For example: 'I could swim when I was five.'

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