Relative clauses and relative pronouns

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课程笔记

What is a relative clause?

A relative clause is a group of words that adds information about a noun in a sentence.
It usually comes right after the noun it describes.
For example: 'The boy who is wearing a red cap is my friend.' The relative clause is 'who is wearing a red cap'.
The noun it describes is called the head noun (here, 'boy').
A relative clause helps us combine two short sentences into one longer sentence.

Relative pronouns: who, which, that

A relative pronoun is a word that introduces a relative clause.
Use who for people. Example: 'The teacher who helped me is kind.'
Use which for animals and things. Example: 'The book which I read was exciting.'
Use that for people, animals, or things. Example: 'The dog that barked is loud.'
Sometimes you can leave out the relative pronoun. Example: 'The film (that) we saw was good.'

More relative pronouns: whom, whose

Whom is used for people when they are the object of the verb. Example: 'The girl whom I met is nice.'
Whose shows possession (something belongs to someone). Example: 'The boy whose bike is red is my cousin.'
In everyday English, we often use 'who' instead of 'whom'.
Remember: 'whose' is not the same as 'who's' (who is).

Restrictive vs. non-restrictive clauses

A restrictive clause is essential – it tells us exactly which person or thing we mean.
Example: 'The students who study hard pass the test.' Without it, we don't know which students.
A non-restrictive clause adds extra information – it is not essential.
Example: 'My sister, who lives in London, is coming to visit.' We already know which sister.
Non-restrictive clauses are set off with commas.
Restrictive clauses do not use commas.

Where to place a relative clause

A relative clause usually comes right after the noun it describes.
Example: 'The cake that she baked was delicious.'
It can also come after a noun phrase: 'The man in the blue shirt is my uncle.' (but that's not a relative clause)
Make sure the relative clause is close to its noun so the sentence is clear.

Combining sentences with relative clauses

You can join two short sentences using a relative pronoun.
Example: 'I have a cat. The cat is black.' → 'I have a cat that is black.'
Example: 'This is my friend. She plays tennis.' → 'This is my friend who plays tennis.'
The relative pronoun replaces the repeated noun.
This makes your writing smoother and more interesting.

Relative clause vs. main clause

A main clause is a complete sentence on its own. Example: 'The dog barked.'
A relative clause is not a complete sentence – it needs the main clause.
Example: 'The dog that lives next door barked.' The relative clause is 'that lives next door'.
The main clause is 'The dog barked'.
Relative clauses often start with a relative pronoun (who, which, that, etc.).

Omitting the relative pronoun

In restrictive clauses, you can sometimes leave out the relative pronoun.
You can omit it when it is the object of the verb.
Example: 'The film (that) we watched was great.'
You cannot omit it when it is the subject of the verb.
Example: 'The girl who called you is my sister.' (cannot omit 'who')

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练习题

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1.What is the name of the special pronouns that introduce a relative clause?
Easy
- Arelative pronouns
- Bpersonal pronouns
- Cpossessive pronouns
- Ddemonstrative pronouns
2.Which sentence contains a relative clause?
Easy
- AThe cat sat on the mat.
- BThe cat, which was fluffy, sat on the mat.
- CThe cat sat and purred.
- DThe cat was on the mat and slept.
3.Which of the following are relative pronouns? (Select all that apply)
Easy
- Awho
- Bwhose
- Cwhich
- Dhe
- Ethat
4.A relative clause always comes before the noun it modifies.
Easy
True or false?
5.Choose the best sentence to combine these two ideas: 'I have a dog. The dog is very friendly.'
Medium
- AI have a dog which is very friendly.
- BI have a dog who is very friendly.
- CI have a dog, which is very friendly.
- DI have a dog that is very friendly.
6.Which sentence uses commas correctly for a non-restrictive relative clause?
Medium
- AMy brother, who lives in London, is visiting us.
- BMy brother who lives in London is visiting us.
- CMy brother who lives in London, is visiting us.
- DMy brother, who lives in London is visiting us.
7.In the sentence 'The cat was allowed on the bed, which annoyed the dog.', what does the relative pronoun 'which' refer to?
Medium
- Athe cat
- Bthe bed
- Cthe whole situation of the cat being allowed on the bed
- Dthe dog
8.Put these words in the correct order to form a sentence with a relative clause: (the, who, girl, is, my, sister, won)
Medium
- the
- girl
- who
- won
- is
- my
- sister

复习笔记

## Relative Clauses and Relative Pronouns A **relative clause** is a group of words that gives more information about a noun (a person, place, or thing). It usually starts with a **relative pronoun** like *who*, *whom*, *whose*, *which*, or *that*. ### Choosing the Right Relative Pronoun - **who** – for people (e.g., *The girl **who** sings is my friend.*) - **whom** – for people when they are the object of the verb (e.g., *The man **whom** I saw is my teacher.*) – often we just use *who* in everyday talk. - **whose** – to show possession (e.g., *The boy **whose** dog ran away is sad.*) - **which** – for things or animals (e.g., *The book **which** I read was exciting.*) - **that** – for people or things (e.g., *The dog **that** barked woke me up.*) ### Restrictive vs. Non-Restrictive Clauses A **restrictive clause** is essential – it tells us exactly which person or thing we mean. No commas. - *The person **who lives in this house** has not been seen for days.* (We need the clause to know which person.) A **non-restrictive clause** adds extra information – it is not essential. We use commas around it. - *The mayor, **who lives in this house**, has not been seen for days.* (We already know who the mayor is.) ### Omitting the Relative Pronoun Sometimes we can leave out the relative pronoun when it is the object of the clause. - *The film **that** we saw was great.* → *The film we saw was great.* ### Combining Sentences You can join two short sentences with a relative clause. - *I met a man. He wasn't sure of himself.* → *I met a man **who** wasn't sure of himself.* ### Quick Tips - Use **who** for people, **which** for things, **that** for either. - Use **whose** for possession. - Use commas for extra information (non-restrictive). - You can often drop the pronoun if it is the object. Remember: a relative clause always comes after the noun it describes.

relative clause: A group of words that gives more information about a noun. It usually starts with a relative pronoun like who, which, or that.
relative pronoun: A word that introduces a relative clause and refers back to the noun it describes. Examples: who, whom, whose, which, that.
restrictive clause: A relative clause that is essential to the meaning of the sentence. It does not use commas.
non-restrictive clause: A relative clause that adds extra, non-essential information. It is set off with commas.
head noun: The noun in the main clause that the relative clause modifies or describes.
antecedent: The noun that a relative pronoun refers back to. For example, in 'the man who came', 'man' is the antecedent of 'who'.

闪卡

What is a relative clause?

A relative clause is a group of words that gives more information about a noun. It usually starts with a relative pronoun like 'who' or 'which'.

What is a relative pronoun?

A relative pronoun is a word like 'who', 'which', or 'that' that connects a relative clause to the noun it describes.

Which relative pronoun do we use for people?

We use 'who' for people. For example: 'The girl who sings is my friend.'

Which relative pronoun do we use for things?

We use 'which' for things. For example: 'The book which is on the table is mine.'

Which relative pronoun can we use for both people and things?

We can use 'that' for both people and things. For example: 'The dog that barked is loud.'

When do we use 'whose'?

We use 'whose' to show possession, like 'his', 'her', or 'its'. For example: 'The boy whose bike is red is my cousin.'

What is the difference between 'who' and 'whom'?

'Who' is used as the subject of the clause, and 'whom' is used as the object. For example: 'The man who called is my uncle.' vs 'The man whom I saw is my uncle.'

What is a restrictive relative clause?

A restrictive relative clause is essential to the sentence. It tells us exactly which person or thing we mean. Without it, the sentence would not make sense. Example: 'The cat that is black is mine.'

What is a non-restrictive relative clause?

A non-restrictive relative clause adds extra information that is not essential. It is set off by commas. If you remove it, the sentence still makes sense. Example: 'My cat, which is black, is sleeping.'

When do we use commas with relative clauses?

We use commas around a non-restrictive relative clause (extra information). We do not use commas with restrictive clauses (essential information).

Can we leave out the relative pronoun?

Yes, in restrictive clauses we can sometimes leave out the relative pronoun when it is the object of the clause. For example: 'The book (that) I read was good.'

When can we NOT leave out the relative pronoun?

We cannot leave out the relative pronoun when it is the subject of the clause. For example: 'The girl who sings is my friend.' (You cannot say 'The girl sings is my friend.')

What is the head noun?

The head noun is the noun that the relative clause describes. For example, in 'The dog that barked', 'dog' is the head noun.

What is an antecedent?

The antecedent is the noun that a pronoun refers back to. In 'The woman who called', 'woman' is the antecedent of 'who'.

How do we combine two sentences using a relative clause?

We combine them by replacing a repeated noun with a relative pronoun. For example: 'I have a friend. She lives in London.' becomes 'I have a friend who lives in London.'

What is the difference between a main clause and a relative clause?

A main clause can stand alone as a sentence. A relative clause cannot stand alone; it depends on the main clause and gives extra information about a noun.

Which relative pronoun do we use for a whole sentence?

We use 'which' to refer to a whole sentence. For example: 'She passed the test, which made her happy.'

What is a free relative clause?

A free relative clause does not have a noun before it. It acts like a noun itself. For example: 'I like what I see.'

Give an example of a sentence with a restrictive relative clause.

Example: 'The students who study hard will pass.' The clause 'who study hard' is essential to know which students.

Give an example of a sentence with a non-restrictive relative clause.

Example: 'My brother, who lives in Paris, is visiting us.' The clause 'who lives in Paris' is extra information, set off by commas.

What is the 'zero' relative pronoun?

The 'zero' relative pronoun means we leave out the relative pronoun. For example: 'The man (that) I saw.'

When do we use 'that' instead of 'who' or 'which'?

We can use 'that' for both people and things, but only in restrictive clauses. For example: 'The car that is red is mine.'

What does a relative clause modify?

A relative clause modifies a noun or noun phrase. It gives more information about that noun.

What is the role of the relative pronoun in the clause?

The relative pronoun connects the relative clause to the noun and often acts as the subject or object in the relative clause. For example, in 'The dog that barked', 'that' is the subject of 'barked'.

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