Cells, tissues and organ systems

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課程筆記

Cell Structure and Function

All living things are made of cells, the basic unit of life.
Cells have specialised organelles that perform specific functions (e.g., nucleus, mitochondria).
The cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell.
Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts and a large vacuole; animal cells do not.

Tissues

A tissue is a group of similar cells working together to perform a common function.
Examples: muscle tissue, nervous tissue, epithelial tissue, connective tissue.
In plants, tissues include meristematic (dividing) and permanent (mature) tissues.

Organs

An organ is made of different tissues working together for a specific job.
Examples: heart (pumps blood), lungs (gas exchange), stomach (digestion).
Plant organs include leaves (photosynthesis), stems (support/transport), roots (absorption).

Organ Systems

An organ system is a group of organs that work together to carry out a major body function.
Humans have 11 organ systems (e.g., respiratory, circulatory, digestive, nervous).
Some organs belong to more than one system (e.g., nose in respiratory and nervous).

Human Organ Systems Overview

Respiratory system: lungs, trachea; gas exchange (O₂ in, CO₂ out).
Circulatory system: heart, blood vessels; transports nutrients, gases, wastes.
Digestive system: stomach, intestines; breaks down food, absorbs nutrients.
Nervous system: brain, spinal cord, nerves; controls responses and coordination.
Excretory system: kidneys, bladder; removes waste from blood.
Skeletal system: bones; support, protection, movement.
Muscular system: muscles; movement, posture.
Integumentary system: skin; protection, temperature regulation.
Endocrine system: glands (e.g., thyroid, pancreas); hormone regulation.
Lymphatic system: lymph nodes, vessels; immunity, fluid balance.
Reproductive system: ovaries/testes; produces gametes, enables reproduction.

Plant Organ Systems

Vascular plants have two organ systems: shoot system and root system.
The shoot system (above ground) includes stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
The shoot absorbs light for photosynthesis and supports reproduction.
The root system (usually underground) anchors the plant and absorbs water and minerals.

Specialised Cells

Specialised cells have adaptations to perform specific functions.
Examples: red blood cells (biconcave, no nucleus for O₂ transport), nerve cells (long axons for signals), root hair cells (large surface area for water uptake).
Specialisation allows efficient division of labour in multicellular organisms.

Animal cell structure showing key organelles.

Plant cell with additional structures: cell wall, chloroplasts, large vacuole.

Examples of human organs and their organ systems.

Vascular plant showing shoot and root systems.

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1.Which of the following is the correct order of biological organisation, from smallest to largest?
Easy
- Aorgan → tissue → cell → organ system
- Bcell → tissue → organ → organ system
- Ctissue → cell → organ → organ system
- Dcell → organ → tissue → organ system
2.What is the main function of the shoot system in vascular plants?
Easy
- Aabsorb water and minerals from the soil
- Banchor the plant in the ground
- Ccarry out photosynthesis and reproduction
- Dstore food and nutrients
3.Which of the following is NOT an organ system in humans?
Easy
- Aimmune system
- Bcirculatory system
- Cnervous system
- Dreproductive system
4.The nose is part of which two organ systems?
Medium
- Arespiratory and digestive
- Brespiratory and nervous
- Cnervous and circulatory
- Drespiratory and integumentary
5.How many distinct organ systems are there in the human body?
Easy
- A9
- B10
- C11
- D12
6.Which organ system includes the heart and blood vessels?
Easy
- Arespiratory system
- Bcirculatory system
- Cnervous system
- Dendocrine system
7.What is the primary function of the root system in plants?
Easy
- Aphotosynthesis
- Bsupport and reproduction
- Cabsorption of water and minerals
- Dtransport of sugars
8.Which of the following is true about organ systems in animals?
Medium
- AAll animals have exactly 11 organ systems.
- BSimpler animals may have fewer organ systems.
- COrgan systems are identical across all species.
- DPlants have more organ systems than animals.

更多題目

9.Which of the following is an example of a specialised cell?
Easy
- Askin cell
- Bred blood cell
- Cmuscle cell
- Dnerve cell
10.The diagram below shows a plant cell. Which labelled structure is responsible for photosynthesis?
Easy
- Anucleus
- Bmitochondrion
- Cchloroplast
- Dvacuole
11.The diagram shows a reflex arc. Which part is labelled X?
Medium
- Asensory neurone
- Bmotor neurone
- Crelay neurone
- Deffector
12.Which organ system is responsible for removing waste products from the blood and excreting them as urine?
Easy
- Adigestive system
- Brespiratory system
- Curinary system
- Dintegumentary system
13.A researcher measures the rate of oxygen consumption in three different organisms: a single-celled amoeba, a small flatworm, and a mouse. Which of the following correctly compares the surface area to volume ratios and the need for specialised exchange surfaces?
Hard
- AThe amoeba has the smallest surface area to volume ratio and therefore needs specialised exchange surfaces.
- BThe mouse has the smallest surface area to volume ratio and therefore needs specialised exchange surfaces.
- CThe flatworm has the largest surface area to volume ratio and therefore needs specialised exchange surfaces.
- DAll three organisms have the same surface area to volume ratio and none need specialised exchange surfaces.
14.The table shows the percentage of total body mass of three organ systems in a human adult. Which statement is most consistent with the data?
Medium
- AThe skeletal system has the highest mass because it contains the heaviest organs.
- BThe muscular system has the highest mass because it includes many large muscles.
- CThe circulatory system has the lowest mass because it only consists of blood.
- DThe skeletal system has the highest mass because bones are dense and heavy.
15.Which of the following is the correct hierarchy of organisation in a multicellular organism, from simplest to most complex?
Easy
- Acell → organ → tissue → organ system → organism
- Bcell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism
- Ctissue → cell → organ → organ system → organism
- Dorgan → tissue → cell → organ system → organism
16.In a vascular plant, which organ system is responsible for absorbing water and minerals from the soil?
Easy
- AShoot system
- BRoot system
- CReproductive system
- DVascular system
17.A student observes that the small intestine has a large surface area due to villi and microvilli. This is an example of which principle?
Medium
- AThe structure of an organ is unrelated to its function.
- BThe function of an organ determines its structure.
- CThe structure of an organ determines its function.
- DThe structure and function of an organ are independent.
18.Which of the following is an example of a tissue?
Easy
- AThe heart
- BMuscle cells
- CNervous tissue
- DThe circulatory system
19.Which of the following is NOT an organ system in the human body?
Easy
- AImmune system
- BNervous system
- CRespiratory system
- DEndocrine system
20.A scientist compares the metabolic rate (energy use per gram of body mass) of a mouse and an elephant. Which of the following is most likely true?
Hard
- AThe mouse has a higher metabolic rate per gram because it has a larger surface area to volume ratio, losing heat faster.
- BThe elephant has a higher metabolic rate per gram because it has a larger body mass.
- CBoth have the same metabolic rate per gram because they are both mammals.
- DThe mouse has a lower metabolic rate per gram because it is smaller.
21.A student measures the heart rate of a person at rest and after exercise. The results are shown in the table. What is the percentage increase in heart rate after exercise?
Medium
- A50%
- B60%
- C75%
- D100%
22.A student observes a leaf under a microscope and identifies several different cell types, including palisade cells, guard cells, and epidermal cells. Which of the following best describes the level of biological organisation represented by these different cell types working together?
Medium
- AOrgan system
- BOrgan
- CTissue
- DOrganism
23.A scientist removes the nucleus from a unicellular amoeba. The amoeba survives for a few days but cannot divide or carry out long-term functions. Which conclusion is best supported by this observation?
Medium
- AThe nucleus is not needed for survival.
- BThe nucleus controls the cell's activities and reproduction.
- CThe cytoplasm can perform all life functions without the nucleus.
- DThe amoeba can regenerate a new nucleus.
24.Which of the following is an example of an organ?
Easy
- AHeart
- BMuscle tissue
- CRed blood cell
- DDigestive system
25.A student examines a prepared slide of an unknown organism under a microscope. The slide shows many identical cells with no visible organisation into tissues or organs. The organism is most likely:
Medium
- AA unicellular organism
- BA simple multicellular organism like a sponge
- CA plant
- DA human
26.In an experiment, students measure the rate of oxygen consumption of germinating peas at 20°C and 30°C. Which of the following is the most likely outcome?
Medium
- AHigher oxygen consumption at 20°C because enzymes work slower at higher temperatures.
- BHigher oxygen consumption at 30°C because cellular respiration increases with temperature.
- CNo difference because peas are plants and do not respire.
- DOxygen consumption is not related to temperature.
27.A student wants to test the effect of pH on the activity of an enzyme. Which of the following experimental procedures is most appropriate?
Medium
- AMeasure the rate of reaction at different temperatures and record the pH.
- BUse buffers to maintain different pH values and measure the rate of reaction at each pH.
- CChange the concentration of enzyme and measure pH change.
- DAdd acid or base directly to the enzyme and observe colour change.
28.Which of the following is NOT a function of the root system in vascular plants?
Easy
- AAbsorbing water and minerals
- BAnchoring the plant
- CPhotosynthesis
- DStoring food
29.The diagram below shows a plant cell. Which labelled structure is responsible for controlling the cell's activities?
Easy
- AA
- BB
- CC
- DD
30.A student sets up an experiment to investigate osmosis in potato strips. She places potato strips in beakers containing different concentrations of salt solution. After 30 minutes, she measures the change in mass of each strip. Which of the following is the most likely result?
Medium
- AAll strips gain mass because potato cells absorb water.
- BStrips in pure water lose mass because water leaves the cells.
- CStrips in concentrated salt solution lose mass because water leaves the cells.
- DThere is no change in mass because the cell wall prevents water movement.
31.A researcher compares the surface area to volume ratio of a single-celled organism (Amoeba) and a multicellular organism (mouse). Which of the following statements is correct?
Medium
- AThe Amoeba has a smaller surface area to volume ratio than the mouse.
- BThe mouse has a larger surface area to volume ratio than the Amoeba.
- CThe Amoeba has a larger surface area to volume ratio than the mouse.
- DBoth have the same surface area to volume ratio.
32.Which of the following correctly lists the levels of biological organisation from simplest to most complex?
Easy
- ACell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism
- BTissue → cell → organ → organ system → organism
- CCell → organ → tissue → organ system → organism
- DOrgan → tissue → cell → organism → organ system
33.Which of the following is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms?
Easy
- ACell
- BTissue
- COrgan
- DOrgan system
34.A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function is called a...
Easy
- ATissue
- BOrgan
- COrgan system
- DOrganism
35.The human body has 11 distinct organ systems. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
Easy
- AImmune system
- BNervous system
- CEndocrine system
- DRespiratory system
36.Vascular plants have two major organ systems. Which are they?
Easy
- AShoot system and root system
- BLeaf system and stem system
- CFlower system and fruit system
- DXylem system and phloem system
37.The diagram shows a reflex arc. Which part is labelled X? (X is the sensory neurone cell body)
Medium
- ASensory neurone
- BMotor neurone
- CRelay neurone
- DEffector
38.A researcher measures the rate of oxygen consumption in three different organisms: a single-celled amoeba, a small flatworm, and a mouse. Which of the following is the most likely ranking of oxygen consumption per gram of body mass?
Hard
- AMouse > flatworm > amoeba
- BAmoeba > flatworm > mouse
- CFlatworm > mouse > amoeba
- DMouse > amoeba > flatworm
39.The table shows the number of cells in different stages of the cell cycle in a tissue sample. The total number of cells counted is 200. How many cells are in interphase?
Medium
- A90
- B110
- C150
- D180
40.A student measures the oxygen consumption of germinating seeds over 30 minutes at two different temperatures. The results are shown in the graph. What is the approximate rate of oxygen consumption at 25°C?
Medium
- A0.5 cm³/min
- B1.0 cm³/min
- C1.5 cm³/min
- D2.0 cm³/min
41.The human body has 11 distinct organ systems.
Easy
True or false?
42.The nose is part of both the respiratory system and the nervous system.
Easy
True or false?
43.Match each organ system to its primary function.
Easy
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Circulatory system
- Gas exchange
- Breakdown of food
- Transport of substances
44.Arrange the following levels of biological organisation from simplest to most complex.
Easy
- Tissue
- Organ
- Cell
- Organ system
45.Which of the following are organ systems in the human body? (Select all that apply)
Easy
- AImmune system
- BNervous system
- CSkeletal system
- DVascular system
46.The diagram shows a plant cell. Which labelled structure is responsible for photosynthesis?
Easy
- ANucleus
- BMitochondrion
- CChloroplast
- DVacuole
47.In an experiment, students placed a piece of dialysis tubing (containing a starch solution) into a beaker of iodine solution. After 30 minutes, the contents of the tubing turned blue-black. Which process best explains this result?
Medium
- ADiffusion of iodine into the tubing
- BActive transport of starch out of the tubing
- COsmosis of water into the tubing
- DFacilitated diffusion of starch into the tubing
48.A scientist compares the gas exchange rates of a single-celled organism (Amoeba) and a multicellular organism (earthworm). Which statement best explains why the earthworm requires a specialised gas exchange system?
Hard
- AIts surface area to volume ratio is too low for diffusion alone to supply enough oxygen
- BIts cells are all identical and cannot perform gas exchange
- CIt is too small for diffusion to occur
- DIt lives in soil where oxygen is more abundant
49.The table shows the percentage of total body mass contributed by three organ systems in a human adult and a mouse. Which statement is best supported by the data? | Organ System | Human (%) | Mouse (%) | |--------------|-----------|-----------| | Skeletal | 15 | 8 | | Muscular | 40 | 45 | | Digestive | 10 | 18 |
Hard
- AThe mouse has a relatively larger digestive system because it has a higher metabolic rate per gram of body mass
- BHumans have a larger skeletal system because they have more bones
- CThe mouse has a larger muscular system because it needs more strength to fight predators
- DThe digestive system is always the largest organ system in mammals
50.Which of the following are organ systems found in vascular plants? (Select all that apply.)
Easy
- AShoot system
- BRoot system
- CNervous system
- DVascular system
51.Complete the sentence using the correct term.
Easy
The organ system that includes the heart and blood vessels is the ____ system.
52.A student counts the number of cells in a tissue sample under a microscope. She sees 120 cells in total. 30 of these cells are in the process of dividing. What percentage of the cells are dividing?
Easy
53.Name one organ that is part of more than one organ system, and name the two systems it belongs to.
Medium
54.A student measures the surface area and volume of a cube-shaped cell. The side length of the cell is 0.002 cm. Calculate the surface area to volume ratio of the cell. Give your answer in cm⁻¹.
Hard
55.Complete the sentence about biological organisation.
Easy
The human body has ____ distinct organ systems.
56.Explain why the immune system is not considered an organ system.
Medium
57.A student counts the number of cells in a tissue sample under a microscope. She sees 120 cells in total. 30 of these cells are in the process of dividing. What percentage of the cells are dividing?
Easy
- A28 %
- B22 %
- C31 %
- D25 %
58.A student measures the surface area and volume of a cube-shaped cell. The side length of the cell is 0.002 cm. Calculate the surface area to volume ratio of the cell. Give your answer in cm⁻¹.
Hard
- A3000 cm⁻¹
- B2700 cm⁻¹
- C3600 cm⁻¹
- D3300 cm⁻¹

複習筆記

## Cells, Tissues and Organ Systems ### Key Idea Structure and function are related at every level: cells → tissues → organs → organ systems. Specialised cells perform specific jobs; together they form tissues, which make up organs, which work in organ systems to keep an organism alive. ### Levels of Organisation 1. **Cells** – basic unit of life. Specialised cells (e.g., nerve cells, muscle cells, root hair cells) have unique shapes and parts to carry out particular functions. 2. **Tissues** – groups of similar cells working together (e.g., muscle tissue, nervous tissue, xylem tissue in plants). 3. **Organs** – structures made of different tissues that perform a specific function (e.g., heart, lungs, leaf, stem). 4. **Organ systems** – groups of organs that work together to perform one or more vital functions. ### Human Organ Systems (11 systems) - **Respiratory** – gas exchange (lungs, trachea) - **Digestive & Excretory** – breakdown of food and removal of wastes (stomach, intestines, kidneys) - **Circulatory** – transport of blood, nutrients, gases (heart, blood vessels) - **Urinary** – removal of liquid waste (kidneys, bladder) - **Integumentary** – protection (skin, hair, nails) - **Skeletal** – support and protection (bones) - **Muscular** – movement (muscles) - **Endocrine** – hormone production (glands) - **Lymphatic** – immunity and fluid balance (lymph nodes, spleen) - **Nervous** – control and communication (brain, spinal cord, nerves) - **Reproductive** – production of offspring (ovaries, testes) Note: Some organs belong to more than one system (e.g., nose is in respiratory and nervous systems). ### Plant Organ Systems (2 systems) 1. **Shoot system** – above ground: stems, leaves, flowers, fruits. Absorbs light for photosynthesis. 2. **Root system** – usually underground: roots. Anchors plant, absorbs water and minerals. ### Specialised Cells Examples - **Red blood cells** – biconcave shape, no nucleus → carry oxygen - **Root hair cells** – long extension → increase surface area for water absorption - **Palisade cells** – packed with chloroplasts → maximise photosynthesis ### Remember - Structure fits function: a cell’s shape and parts help it do its job. - Organ systems work together to keep the organism alive (e.g., circulatory system delivers oxygen from respiratory system to all cells).

Cell: The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
Tissue: A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.
Organ: A structure made of different tissues that performs a specific function.
Organ system: A group of organs that work together to perform one or more bodily functions.
Specialised cell: A cell adapted to carry out a particular function (e.g., nerve cell, muscle cell).
Shoot system: The above-ground organ system of vascular plants, consisting of stems, leaves, and reproductive parts.
Root system: The usually underground organ system of vascular plants that anchors the plant and absorbs water and minerals.

字卡

What is an organ system?

A biological system consisting of a group of organs that work together to perform one or more bodily functions.

How many organ systems are there in humans?

There are 11 distinct organ systems in humans.

List the 11 human organ systems.

Respiratory, digestive and excretory, circulatory, urinary, integumentary, skeletal, muscular, endocrine, lymphatic, nervous, and reproductive systems.

Is the immune system an organ system? Why?

No, because it is not composed of organs; it protects the body from infection but is not an organ system.

Give an example of an organ that belongs to more than one organ system.

The nose is in the respiratory system and also serves as a sensory organ in the nervous system.

What are the two major organ systems in vascular plants?

The shoot system and the root system.

What does the shoot system of a plant consist of?

Stems, leaves, and the reproductive parts (flowers and fruits).

What is the function of the shoot system?

It generally grows above ground and absorbs light needed for photosynthesis.

What does the root system do?

It supports the plant and absorbs water and minerals, usually underground.

Define a tissue.

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

What is the relationship between cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems?

Cells form tissues, tissues form organs, and organs work together in organ systems.

What is a specialised cell?

A cell that has adapted a specific structure to perform a particular function in the body.

Name the organ system responsible for gas exchange.

The respiratory system.

Which organ system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients?

The digestive system (part of digestive and excretory system).

Which organ system transports blood and nutrients around the body?

The circulatory system.

Which organ system removes waste from the blood and produces urine?

The urinary system.

Which organ system protects the body and regulates temperature?

The integumentary system (skin, hair, nails).

Which organ system provides support and protection for organs?

The skeletal system.

Which organ system enables movement?

The muscular system.

Which organ system produces hormones?

The endocrine system.

Which organ system defends against infection and returns fluid to blood?

The lymphatic system.

Which organ system controls body activities via nerve impulses?

The nervous system.

Which organ system produces offspring?

The reproductive system.

Give an example of a specialised cell and its function.

Red blood cells are specialised to carry oxygen; nerve cells transmit electrical signals.

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