Development and global inequality
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課程筆記
What is development?
- Development is the progress a country makes in improving the lives of its people — economically, socially and politically.
- Economic development means more wealth and jobs; social development means better health, education and living standards.
- Countries are often grouped as higher-income (HICs), newly emerging economies (NEEs) such as India and Brazil, and lower-income countries (LICs).
- The development gap is the difference in standards of living between the richest and poorest countries.
Measuring development
- GNI per capita (gross national income per person) measures average income; it hides inequality within a country.
- Life expectancy: the average number of years a person can expect to live.
- Infant mortality rate: deaths of babies under one year old per 1000 live births — high in LICs because of poor healthcare and sanitation.
- Literacy rate: the percentage of adults who can read and write.
- Birth rate and death rate are given per 1000 people per year; birth rates are usually higher in LICs.
The Human Development Index
- The HDI is a composite measure produced by the United Nations.
- It combines three things: life expectancy, education (years of schooling) and income (GNI per capita).
- It is a number between 0 and 1; the closer to 1, the more developed the country.
- Countries such as Norway and Switzerland score over 0.95; some countries in the Sahel, such as Niger and Chad, score below 0.4.
- Using several indicators gives a fuller picture than any single one.
Physical causes of uneven development
- Landlocked countries have no coastline, which makes trade more expensive.
- Frequent natural hazards (droughts, floods, tropical storms) destroy homes, crops and infrastructure and use up money for rebuilding.
- Extreme climates can make farming difficult and water scarce.
- Tropical diseases such as malaria reduce the number of people fit to work.
Human causes of uneven development
- Colonialism: many LICs were colonies whose raw materials were exported to benefit the colonial power, leaving little industry.
- Trade: countries that export low-value raw materials (primary products) and import expensive manufactured goods earn less.
- Debt: money borrowed and repaid with interest takes spending away from schools and hospitals.
- Conflict and corruption damage the economy and drive investment away.
Reducing the development gap
- Aid: help given by one country or organisation to another — short-term emergency aid after a disaster, or long-term development aid for things like schools and wells.
- Aid can be bilateral (government to government), multilateral (through organisations like the World Bank) or given by NGOs (charities such as Oxfam and WaterAid).
- Fair trade guarantees farmers a minimum price and an extra premium to invest in their communities.
- Debt relief: cancelling some debt so money can be spent on development.
- Investment by transnational corporations brings jobs; microfinance gives small loans to start businesses.
- Intermediate technology is simple, affordable technology local people can maintain, such as hand pumps.
The Sustainable Development Goals
- In 2015 the United Nations agreed 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to reach by 2030.
- They include ending poverty and hunger, good health, quality education, gender equality and clean water and sanitation.
- They apply to every country, not only lower-income ones.
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免費預覽——49 題中的 8 題。註冊即可查看全部。
1.What does 'development' mean in geography?
Easy- AThe progress a country makes in improving the lives of its people
- BThe number of people living in a country
- CThe size of a country's land area
- DThe building of new roads only
2.What is the development gap?
Easy- AThe distance between two capital cities
- BThe gap between the birth rate and death rate
- CThe time it takes a country to industrialise
- DThe difference in standards of living between the richest and poorest countries
3.What does GNI per capita measure?
Easy- AHow long people live on average
- BThe number of babies born per 1000 people
- CThe average income per person in a country
- DThe number of people who can read
4.What is a weakness of GNI per capita as a measure of development?
Medium- AIt is the same for every country
- BIt is an average, so it hides big differences between rich and poor people
- CIt cannot be measured in money
- DIt only measures health
5.What is the infant mortality rate?
Easy- AThe number of babies who die before their first birthday per 1000 live births
- BThe number of children in school
- CThe number of births per 1000 people
- DThe average age of the population
6.What is life expectancy?
Easy- AThe age at which people retire
- BThe number of people over 65
- CThe number of years children spend in school
- DThe average number of years a person can expect to live
7.What does HDI stand for?
Easy- AHousehold Debt Index
- BHuman Demographic Increase
- CHuman Development Index
- DHealth and Disease Indicator
8.Which three things are combined in the Human Development Index?
Medium- AIncome, climate and area
- BLife expectancy, education and income
- CBirth rate, death rate and population
- DLiteracy, farming and trade
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