Urbanisation and cities
邊玩邊學
回答這些題目賺取能量，接著就能釣魚、探索。不需要帳號。
給教育者： 為 Urbanisation and cities（KS3 Geography、Human Geography）準備好可直接使用的課程投影片, 複習筆記——用於你的課程，或把這個主題當成互動班級活動，讓學習者以即時遊戲的方式進行。
課程筆記
What is urbanisation?
- Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of a country's population living in towns and cities.
- In 1950 about 30% of the world's people lived in urban areas; by 2018 it was about 55%, and the UN projects about 68% by 2050.
- Urbanisation is now fastest in lower-income countries in Africa and Asia; most higher-income countries urbanised during the 19th and 20th centuries.
- A megacity is an urban area with more than 10 million people, such as Tokyo, Delhi, Lagos and São Paulo.
Why cities grow
- Rural–urban migration: people move from the countryside to cities.
- Push factors drive people away from rural areas: drought, crop failure, few jobs, poor schools and healthcare, conflict.
- Pull factors attract people to cities: jobs in factories and services, higher wages, better schools and hospitals, the 'bright lights' of city life.
- Natural increase: cities also grow because births exceed deaths — migrants are often young adults who start families in the city.
The structure of a city
- The CBD (central business district) is the centre: shops, offices, high land values and tall buildings.
- The inner city surrounds the CBD: older, dense housing (in the UK often Victorian terraces) and old factories, many now redeveloped.
- The suburbs have newer, lower-density housing with gardens, built as transport improved.
- The rural–urban fringe is where the city meets the countryside: out-of-town retail parks, business parks and new housing estates.
- The Burgess model shows these zones as rings around the CBD; real cities are shaped by rivers, relief and transport routes.
Challenges of rapid urban growth
- When cities grow faster than housing can be built, people build informal settlements (slums or squatter settlements) on unused land such as steep slopes, floodplains or beside railways.
- Homes are often self-built from scrap materials, with no legal ownership, and may lack clean water, sanitation and electricity.
- Many residents work in the informal economy — jobs that are not taxed or protected, such as street selling or recycling.
- Other problems: traffic congestion, air and water pollution, and pressure on services like schools and hospitals.
Case study: Mumbai, India
- Mumbai is one of India's largest cities and its financial centre, with a population of over 12 million in the city itself and many more in the wider urban area.
- It attracts migrants from across rural India who come for jobs.
- Dharavi is one of Asia's largest informal settlements: roughly a million people live in about 2 km².
- Dharavi has a busy informal economy — recycling, pottery, leather and clothing workshops earn money for the city.
- Problems include overcrowding, shared toilets, poor drainage and disease; redevelopment plans are controversial because residents fear losing homes and workshops.
Urban change in higher-income countries
- In the 20th century many UK cities lost factory jobs (deindustrialisation), leaving derelict land and poverty in inner cities.
- Counter-urbanisation is the movement of people from cities to smaller towns and rural areas.
- Urban regeneration improves run-down areas with new housing, offices, leisure and transport — for example London's Docklands and the Olympic Park at Stratford.
- Brownfield sites (previously built-on land) are reused to reduce building on greenfield sites (undeveloped countryside).
Sustainable cities
- A sustainable city meets people's needs today without harming the ability of future generations to meet theirs.
- Features include efficient public transport, cycle lanes, green spaces, recycling, renewable energy and energy-efficient buildings.
- Curitiba in Brazil is known for its bus rapid transit system and large areas of parkland.
- In lower-income cities, self-help schemes give residents materials and legal ownership so they can improve their own homes.
投影片
練習題
免費預覽——50 題中的 8 題。註冊即可查看全部。
1.What is urbanisation?
Easy- AAn increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities
- BThe growth of farming in rural areas
- CThe movement of people from cities to the countryside
- DThe building of new roads between cities
2.What is a megacity?
Easy- AA city that is also a country's capital
- BAny city with more than 1 million people
- CA city built on reclaimed land
- DAn urban area with more than 10 million people
3.Roughly what percentage of the world's population lived in urban areas in 2018?
Easy- A75%
- B15%
- C55%
- D30%
4.In which parts of the world is urbanisation happening fastest today?
Easy- AAustralia and New Zealand
- BLower-income countries in Africa and Asia
- CWestern Europe
- DNorth America
5.Which of these is a PUSH factor encouraging people to leave rural areas?
Easy- ACrop failure caused by drought
- BBetter-paid factory jobs in the city
- CMore hospitals in the city
- DBright lights and entertainment in the city
6.Which of these is a PULL factor attracting people to cities?
Easy- AA shortage of farmland
- BConflict in rural areas
- CPoor rural schools
- DThe chance of a job with higher wages
7.Apart from rural–urban migration, what is the other main reason cities in lower-income countries grow?
Medium- ADeindustrialisation
- BInternational tourism
- CNatural increase — more births than deaths
- DCounter-urbanisation
8.What does CBD stand for?
Easy- ACentral bus depot
- BCentral business district
- CCity building development
- DCommercial borough division
歷屆試題
這個主題的歷屆試題練習即將推出。
即將推出