Biotechnology & Genetic Modification

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Apuntes de la lección

Usefulness of Bacteria

Bacteria are the most common microorganisms used in biotechnology.
They can produce complex molecules (e.g., enzymes for yoghurt).
They reproduce rapidly, so chemical production can increase quickly.
Extended: Few ethical concerns for large-scale growth.
Extended: Possess plasmids – small circular DNA loops ideal for gene transfer.

Biotechnology – Everyday Products

Biofuels: Yeast ferments glucose anaerobically to produce ethanol (and CO₂).
Ethanol is concentrated and blended with petrol or used alone.
Waste plant parts or dedicated crops can be used; concern over land for food.
Bread: Yeast produces CO₂ by anaerobic respiration, making dough rise.
Fruit juice: Enzyme pectinase breaks down pectin in cell walls, releasing more juice and making it clearer.
Biological washing powders: Contain enzymes (e.g., proteases, lipases) that break down stains at lower temperatures.
Extended – Lactose-free milk: Enzyme lactase breaks down lactose for intolerant individuals.

Anaerobic respiration in yeast producing biofuel

Penicillin Production

Penicillin is an antibiotic produced by the fungus×Penicillium×.
Discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928.
Produced on a large scale in industrial fermenters.
Fermenters control conditions: aseptic (steam sterilisation), nutrients, optimum temperature (water jacket), optimum pH (probes + acids/alkalis), oxygenation, agitation (stirring paddles), and waste removal.

Industrial fermenter used to produce penicillin

Mycoprotein Production

Fungus×Fusarium×is cultured in fermenters under aerobic conditions.
Provided with glucose syrup as food source.
Fungal biomass is harvested and purified to produce mycoprotein.
Mycoprotein is a protein-rich food suitable for vegetarians (e.g., Quorn).

Genetic Modification – Definition & Examples

Genetic modification (GM) alters an organism's DNA by removing, changing, or inserting genes from another organism.
The modified organism is transgenic; its DNA is recombinant.
Example 1: Human insulin gene inserted into bacteria to produce insulin for diabetes.
Example 2: Crops (e.g., maize) with a bacterial gene for insect poison – pest resistance.
Example 3: Herbicide-resistant crops – only weeds die when herbicide is sprayed.
Example 4: Golden rice – genes from another plant and a bacterium produce vitamin A precursor.

Genetic Modification – Process (Extended)

1. Restriction enzymes cut out the desired gene, leaving sticky ends (unpaired bases).
2. Same enzyme cuts a bacterial plasmid, creating complementary sticky ends.
3. DNA ligase joins the gene and plasmid to form recombinant plasmid.
4. Recombinant plasmid is inserted into a bacterial cell.
5. Bacteria multiply in a fermenter, copying the plasmid and producing the human protein.
Bacteria are ideal because they share the same genetic code, have plasmids, and raise few ethical issues.

Genetic modification: cutting, joining and inserting a recombinant plasmid

Diapositivas

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Preguntas de práctica

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1.Which of these statements correctly describes genetic engineering?
Easy
- AOnly breeding from crop plants that are resistant to pests.
- BAltering the DNA in crop plants so that they are resistant to herbicides.
- CUsing yeast to produce ethanol.
- DProduction of insulin in the pancreas.
2.Which of the following is a reason yeast is used to make bread?
Easy
- AIt produces ethanol.
- BIt produces lactic acid.
- CIt produces carbon dioxide.
- DIt produces oxygen.
3.What is the name of the enzyme used to produce clear apple juice?
Easy
- ALipase
- BAmylase
- CProtease
- DPectinase
4.What needs to be inserted into a bacterial cell to allow it to produce insulin to treat diabetes?
Easy
- AAn enzyme.
- BA molecule of insulin.
- CA length of DNA from a human.
- DA length of DNA from a bacterium.
5.Why are bacteria used in biotechnology?
Easy
- AThey can make complex molecules.
- BThey are found inside the human body.
- CThey reproduce slowly.
- DThey can become resistant to antibiotics.
6.What is an example of genetic modification?
Easy
- AInserting genes into bacteria
- BInserting insulin into bacteria
- CSpraying plants with herbicides
- DUsing biological washing powders
7.Which cell structure makes bacteria useful for genetic modification?
Easy
- ACell membrane
- BCell wall
- CCytoplasm
- DPlasmids
8.The diagram shows an industrial fermenter used to produce penicillin. What is the function of the part labelled WATER JACKET?
Medium
- AAdd oxygen to the solution
- BMaintain an even temperature throughout the solution
- CRecord the pH of the solution
- DSterilise the solution

Más preguntas

9.Biological washing powders contain enzymes that break down fat and protein stains. Which of these foods would leave a stain that a biological washing powder removes most effectively?
Easy
- ASalad dressing
- BChocolate pudding
- CChocolate milkshake
- DRaspberry smoothie
10.What is a reason for conserving plant species?
Easy
- ATo absorb oxygen from the air
- BTo decrease rainfall
- CTo obtain drugs for medicinal use
- DTo release carbon dioxide into the air
11.Why are bacteria useful in genetic engineering?
Easy
- ATheir genetic code is different to other organisms.
- BThey have cell walls.
- CThey have plasmids.
- DThey reproduce sexually.
12.Which structure in a bacterial cell is commonly used in genetic modification to insert genes and produce human proteins such as insulin?
Easy
- ACell wall
- BFlagellum
- CMain chromosomal DNA
- DPlasmid
13.During penicillin production, respiration releases heat in the fermenter. What should the operator do if the temperature rises above the optimum for the fungus?
Medium
- AIncrease cooling through the water jacket.
- BStop all stirring permanently.
- CRemove the nutrient supply immediately.
- DAdd an antibiotic that kills the fungus.
14.Which of the following structures in a bacterial cell is separate from the main chromosomal DNA and is commonly used as a vector in genetic engineering?
Easy
- ACell wall
- BRibosome
- CFlagellum
- DPlasmid
15.In genetic engineering, which row correctly completes the gaps? Genes are isolated from human DNA using ...1... enzymes. A bacterial plasmid is cut with the same enzyme creating ...2... . The human DNA is inserted into the bacterial plasmid using the enzyme ...3... creating a ...4... plasmid.
Medium
- A1: restriction, 2: sticky ends, 3: ligase, 4: recombinant
- B1: ligase, 2: daughter plasmids, 3: ligase, 4: restriction
- C1: recombinant, 2: new DNA, 3: lipase, 4: daughter
- D1: ligase, 2: sticky ends, 3: protease, 4: diploid
16.What is the role of ligase enzymes in genetic engineering?
Medium
- ATo insert plasmids into bacteria.
- BTo join human DNA with plasmid DNA.
- CTo isolate human genes.
- DTo cut open plasmid DNA.
17.The following statements describe biofuel. 1. Yeast respires to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide. 2. It is a renewable energy source since it is made from living organisms instead of fossil fuels. 3. Waste parts of crop plants can be used to produce biofuels. 4. In some parts of the world, crops are grown specifically for use as biofuels. Which of these statements could be considered an advantage of biofuel?
Medium
- A1, 2 and 4
- B2 and 3 only
- C2 only
- D2 and 4 only
18.Industrial fermenters are used to produce large quantities of microorganisms. Which of the following correctly matches the different conditions in the fermenters and the reason why it is important to control these conditions?
Medium
- AAseptic conditions: ensures only the desired species grow; optimum pH: prevents enzyme denaturation; agitation: even distribution of substances.
- BAseptic conditions: even distribution; optimum pH: ensures only desired species; agitation: prevents denaturation.
- CAseptic conditions: prevents denaturation; optimum pH: even distribution; agitation: ensures only desired species.
- DAseptic conditions: ensures only desired species; optimum pH: even distribution; agitation: prevents denaturation.
19.Which product of anaerobic respiration in yeast is used to make bread rise?
Easy
- AEthanol
- BCarbon dioxide
- CLactic acid
- DOxygen
20.What is a use of pectinase in the food industry?
Easy
- ATo extract juice from fruit
- BTo make biofuels
- CTo make biological washing powders
- DTo make bread rise
21.Which process makes use of a genetically engineered organism?
Easy
- AUsing bacteria to produce insulin
- BUsing enzymes in biological washing powders
- CUsing pectinase in fruit juice production
- DUsing yeast to produce ethanol
22.Which of the following combinations of nutrients would be needed in a batch fermenter in the production of penicillin?
Medium
- AAmino acids and lipids
- BLipids and glucose
- CChlorine and amino acids
- DGlucose and amino acids
23.Which of the following statements would be an advantage of producing genetically modified crops?
Easy
- ATo decrease the yield of the crop.
- BTo prevent resistance to pests.
- CTo increase the yield of the crop.
- DTo prevent resistance to herbicides.
24.A dominant allele B gives a crop a useful inherited trait. Two heterozygous plants (Bb × Bb) are crossed. What proportion of the offspring is expected to lack the dominant trait?
Medium
- A1/4
- B1/2
- C3/4
- DAll
25.What is the main purpose of adding pectinase during fruit juice production?
Easy
- ATo break down pectin in cell walls, releasing more juice
- BTo add sweetness to the juice
- CTo kill bacteria in the juice
- DTo colour the juice
26.In an experiment to test the effectiveness of a biological washing powder, identical cloths stained with egg protein are washed at different temperatures. Which temperature is likely to give the best stain removal?
Easy
- A30 °C
- B60 °C
- C90 °C
- D0 °C
27.In genetic engineering, which enzyme is used to cut the human insulin gene from human DNA and also to cut the bacterial plasmid?
Easy
- ARestriction enzyme
- BDNA ligase
- CDNA polymerase
- DHelicase
28.A fermenter used to produce mycoprotein from Fusarium is kept at 30 °C and pH 5.5. What would most likely happen if the temperature was raised to 60 °C?
Medium
- AThe Fusarium enzymes would denature, slowing growth
- BThe Fusarium would grow faster
- CThe mycoprotein would be produced more quickly
- DNo effect
29.Which of the following is a disadvantage of using genetically modified crops?
Easy
- AThey may cross-breed with wild relatives, affecting ecosystems
- BThey always produce higher yields
- CThey require less fertiliser
- DThey are resistant to all pests
30.In the production of insulin by genetically modified bacteria, after inserting the recombinant plasmid into bacteria, the bacteria are placed in a fermenter. Why is agitation (stirring) important in this fermenter?
Medium
- ATo ensure even distribution of nutrients, oxygen and heat
- BTo increase the rate of mutation in the bacteria
- CTo separate the insulin from the bacteria
- DTo kill unwanted microorganisms
31.Which gas produced by yeast during anaerobic respiration causes bread dough to rise?
Easy
- ACarbon dioxide
- BOxygen
- CNitrogen
- DHydrogen
32.A student investigates the effect of pH on the activity of pectinase. They measure the volume of juice released from apple pulp at different pH values. Which pH is likely to give the highest juice volume?
Medium
- ApH 4
- BpH 7
- CpH 9
- DpH 2
33.In the genetic modification process, after the human insulin gene is inserted into a bacterial plasmid, what is the resulting DNA molecule called?
Easy
- ARecombinant DNA
- BRestriction DNA
- CLigated DNA
- DTransgenic DNA
34.A company wants to produce large quantities of a human enzyme using genetically modified bacteria. Which of the following is the most important reason to use bacteria rather than sheep for this process?
Medium
- ABacteria reproduce rapidly and have few ethical concerns
- BSheep produce more protein per litre of culture
- CBacteria are easier to feed
- DSheep cannot produce human proteins
35.What is the name of the enzyme used to break down pectin in fruit juice production?
Easy
- APectinase
- BAmylase
- CProtease
- DLipase
36.Which of the following is a use of genetically modified bacteria?
Easy
- AProduction of human insulin
- BProduction of pectinase
- CProduction of ethanol
- DProduction of bread
37.What is the main advantage of using biological washing powders?
Easy
- AThey work at lower temperatures
- BThey remove stains without water
- CThey are cheaper than non-biological powders
- DThey kill bacteria on clothes
38.Which enzyme is used to cut DNA at specific sequences to create sticky ends?
Easy
- ARestriction enzyme
- BDNA ligase
- CHelicase
- DDNA polymerase
39.Which of the following is a use of bacteria in biotechnology?
Medium
- AProducing complex molecules such as enzymes that turn milk into yoghurt
- BProducing oxygen through photosynthesis
- CBreaking down plastics in landfills
- DConverting sunlight into electricity
40.The carbon dioxide produced by anaerobic respiration in yeast makes bread dough rise.
Easy
True or false?
41.Which of the following is an advantage of using biological washing powders?
Easy
- AThey are effective at lower temperatures, saving energy.
- BThey require very high temperatures to work.
- CThey only remove oil-based stains.
- DThey are more expensive than non-biological powders.
42.In the production of mycoprotein, what is the fungus Fusarium grown in?
Easy
- AAn industrial fermenter with controlled pH and temperature
- BAn open pond with sunlight
- CA sterile laboratory flask without any nutrients
- DA soil-based compost heap
43.Bacteria contain plasmids that can be used to transfer DNA during genetic modification.
Easy
True or false?
44.Which enzyme is used to join the sticky ends of a plasmid and a human gene during genetic modification?
Easy
- ADNA ligase
- BRestriction enzyme
- CDNA polymerase
- DHelicase
45.Which of the following are advantages of using bacteria for genetic modification? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AThey contain plasmids that are easy to manipulate.
- BThey have the same genetic code as humans, so they can produce human proteins.
- CThey reproduce slowly, allowing careful control.
- DThere are few ethical concerns about growing them in large numbers.
46.Match each biotechnological product or process with the correct microorganism or enzyme.
Medium
- Production of ethanol biofuel
- Production of mycoprotein
- Production of lactose-free milk
- Yeast
- Fusarium
- Lactase
47.Arrange the following steps in the correct order for producing human insulin using genetically modified bacteria.
Hard
- Insert the recombinant plasmid into a bacterial cell.
- Cut the human insulin gene and bacterial plasmid with the same restriction enzyme.
- Place the bacteria in a fermenter to produce insulin.
- Join the human gene and plasmid using DNA ligase.
48.In an industrial fermenter, what is the purpose of the water jacket?
Medium
- ATo maintain the optimum temperature for enzyme activity
- BTo provide nutrients to the microorganisms
- CTo remove waste products
- DTo stir the culture and distribute oxygen
49.Complete the sentence.
Easy
The enzyme used to break down pectin in fruit juice production is ____.
50.In bread making, yeast produces carbon dioxide through anaerobic respiration. If one yeast cell produces 0.0001 cm³ of CO₂ per minute, how much CO₂ (in cm³) would 5000 yeast cells produce in 10 minutes?
Medium
51.What is the name of the circular DNA molecule found in bacteria that is commonly used in genetic engineering?
Easy
52.What is the name of the protein-rich food produced from the fungus Fusarium?
Easy
53.Complete the sentence about genetic modification.
Easy
The DNA that contains genes from two different organisms is called ____ DNA.
54.Explain why the use of waste parts of crop plants for biofuel production can cause concern.
Medium
55.Describe one advantage of using biological washing powders compared to non-biological detergents.
Medium
56.In bread making, yeast produces carbon dioxide through anaerobic respiration. If one yeast cell produces 0.0001 cm³ of CO₂ per minute, how much CO₂ (in cm³) would 5000 yeast cells produce in 10 minutes?
Medium
- A4 cm³
- B5 cm³
- C6 cm³
- D7 cm³

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