Types & Methods Of Data Transmission

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टीचर्स के लिए: Types & Methods Of Data Transmission (Computer Science, CIE) के लिए इस्तेमाल के लिए तैयार लेसन स्लाइड्स, रिवीज़न नोट्स — इन्हें अपने लेसन में इस्तेमाल करें, या टॉपिक को एक इंटरैक्टिव क्लास एक्टिविटी की तरह चलाएं जिसे आपके स्टूडेंट्स लाइव गेम की तरह खेलें।

लेसन नोट्स

Data Packets

Packets are small 'chunks' of data that make up a larger piece of data broken down by TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).
Small packets are easier and quicker to route over the internet than large chunks.
Each packet contains a header (source IP, destination IP, packet number), a payload (actual data), and optionally a trailer (security info, end-of-packet notification).
Error checks (e.g., parity bits) are added to detect corruption — data being changed, lost, or extra data added.
If a packet is corrupted or lost, the receiver can request a resend of only that packet, not the whole file.

Packet Switching

Packet switching is a method of sending packets across a network using routers.
Data is broken into packets, each assigned a header with source/destination IP and packet number.
Routers use routing tables to send each packet along the most optimal path, avoiding traffic.
Packets may take different routes and arrive out of order; they are reassembled using packet numbers.
Advantages: minimal interference/corruption (individual packets can be resent), quicker than sending one large packet, harder to hack as each packet contains minimal data.

Serial & Parallel Transmission

Serial transmission: bits sent one at a time along a single wire. Example: USB.
Parallel transmission: multiple bits sent simultaneously on separate wires. Example: traditional printer cable.
Serial advantages: reliable over longer distances, cheaper, low interference. Disadvantage: slower.
Parallel advantages: very fast. Disadvantages: only used over short distances, prone to interference and skew (timing differences).

Simplex, Half-Duplex & Full-Duplex

Simplex: data travels in one direction only (e.g., computer to monitor).
Half-duplex: data travels both ways but only one direction at a time (e.g., printer cable sending data then receiving 'low ink' message).
Full-duplex: data travels both ways simultaneously (e.g., network cables in LAN/WAN).
Full-duplex is fastest but most expensive; half-duplex is cheaper than full-duplex for two-way communication; simplex is simplest and cheapest.

Combinations of Transmission Methods

Wires can combine serial/parallel with simplex/half-duplex/full-duplex (e.g., Serial-Simplex, Serial-Half-duplex, Serial-Full-duplex, Parallel-Simplex, Parallel-Half-duplex, Parallel-Full-duplex).
Serial-Simplex: one bit at a time, one direction, single wire.
Serial-Half-duplex: one bit at a time, both directions but not simultaneously, typically one shared wire.
Serial-Full-duplex: one bit at a time, both directions simultaneously, requires two wires.
Parallel-Simplex: multiple bits simultaneously, one direction, multiple wires.
Parallel-Half-duplex: multiple bits simultaneously, both directions but one at a time, multiple wires.
Parallel-Full-duplex: multiple bits simultaneously, both directions at once, multiple wires.

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

USB is a widely used standard for serial, asynchronous data transmission between devices.
Common devices: keyboards, mice, printers, disk drives, network adapters, mobile phones.
Connector types: USB-A (flash drives, mice), USB-B (printers, scanners), USB-C (latest, small, high speed, carries power).
Speed generations: USB 1.1 (12 Mbps), USB 2.0 (480 Mbps), USB 3.x (5–20 Gbps), USB4 (up to 80 Gbps).
When connected, the computer automatically detects the device and loads the appropriate driver; if not found, the user must install it manually.
Advantages: automatic detection, keyed connectors (fit one way), standardised support, backwards compatible, various speeds.
Disadvantages: maximum cable length ~5 metres, older versions have limited speeds, very old standards may become unsupported.

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फ्री प्रीव्यू — 60 में से 8 सवाल। सभी देखने के लिए साइन अप करें।

1.What does TCP stand for?
Easy
- ATransmission Control Protocol
- BTransfer Control Protocol
- CTransmission Check Protocol
- DTransport Control Protocol
2.Which of the following is a component of a data packet?
Easy
- AHeader
- BChecksum
- CRouter
- DSwitch
3.What type of data transmission does USB use?
Easy
- ASerial
- BParallel
- CSimplex
- DHalf-duplex
4.In which type of transmission can data travel in both directions simultaneously?
Easy
- AFull-duplex
- BHalf-duplex
- CSimplex
- DSerial
5.Which of the following is an advantage of serial transmission over parallel transmission?
Medium
- AReliable over longer distances
- BFaster transmission speed
- CTransmits multiple bits at once
- DLess prone to skew
6.A printer cable that waits for data to be received before sending back a 'low ink' message is an example of which type of transmission?
Medium
- AHalf-duplex
- BSimplex
- CFull-duplex
- DParallel
7.What is the purpose of the packet number in a data packet header?
Easy
- ATo allow packets to be reassembled in the correct order
- BTo identify the source of the packet
- CTo encrypt the payload
- DTo specify the route the packet should take
8.Which USB version has a maximum data transfer rate of 480 Mbps?
Easy
- AUSB 2.0
- BUSB 1.1
- CUSB 3.0
- DUSB4

और सवाल

9.A company uses parallel half-duplex transmission to upload large video files to a web server. Which of the following best explains why this method is appropriate?
Hard
- AParallel provides fast transmission for large files, and half-duplex allows both upload and download, though not simultaneously, which is sufficient.
- BParallel is cheaper than serial for long distances, and half-duplex allows simultaneous two-way communication.
- CParallel reduces interference over long distances, and half-duplex ensures data is sent one bit at a time.
- DParallel is slower but more reliable, and half-duplex allows data to be sent in both directions at once.
10.Which of the following is a disadvantage of USB?
Easy
- AMaximum cable length is roughly 5 metres
- BConnectors fit in only one way
- CDevices are automatically detected
- DSupports different transmission speeds
11.In packet switching, what happens if a packet does not reach its destination?
Easy
- AThe receiver sends a resend request to the sender
- BThe packet is automatically rerouted
- CThe entire file is resent
- DThe packet is ignored
12.Which of the following best describes the difference between serial and parallel transmission?
Easy
- ASerial sends bits one at a time on a single wire; parallel sends multiple bits simultaneously on separate wires.
- BSerial sends multiple bits simultaneously on separate wires; parallel sends bits one at a time on a single wire.
- CSerial is faster than parallel over short distances.
- DParallel is more reliable than serial over long distances.
13.Which of the following is NOT a component of a data packet header?
Easy
- ASource IP address
- BDestination IP address
- CPacket number
- DPayload
14.A file is broken into 5 packets for transmission. Packet 3 is lost during transmission. What happens?
Easy
- AThe entire file is resent
- BThe receiver requests resending of packet 3 only
- CThe sender automatically resends all packets
- DThe transmission continues without packet 3
15.Which of the following is an advantage of packet switching over sending a single large packet?
Medium
- AAll data arrives at the same time
- BInterference is more likely to be detected
- CIndividual packets can take different routes to avoid congestion
- DThe entire file can be resent quickly if corrupted
16.Which type of data transmission is used by USB?
Easy
- ASerial
- BParallel
- CSimplex
- DFull-duplex
17.A keyboard is connected to a computer via USB. The keyboard sends keystroke data to the computer, and the computer never sends data back to the keyboard. Which transmission method best describes this?
Medium
- ASerial half-duplex
- BSerial simplex
- CParallel simplex
- DSerial full-duplex
18.A network cable is used to send and receive data at the same time. Which type of transmission does this represent?
Easy
- ASimplex
- BHalf-duplex
- CFull-duplex
- DSerial
19.A scientist needs to transmit data from a sensor 100 metres away to a computer. Which transmission method is most suitable?
Medium
- AParallel serial
- BSerial simplex
- CParallel full-duplex
- DSerial half-duplex
20.What is the maximum cable length for USB?
Easy
- A2 metres
- B5 metres
- C10 metres
- D15 metres
21.A user connects a USB 3.0 device to a USB 2.0 port. What is the maximum transfer speed that will be achieved?
Easy
- A480 Mbps
- B5 Gbps
- C12 Mbps
- D80 Gbps
22.Which of the following is a component of a data packet header?
Easy
- APacket number
- BPayload
- CTrailer
- DError check
23.A keyboard is connected to a computer via USB. The keyboard sends keystroke data to the computer, and the computer never sends data back to the keyboard. Which type of data transmission is being used?
Easy
- ASimplex
- BHalf-duplex
- CFull-duplex
- DParallel
24.A sensor transmits temperature readings to a computer every second. The computer never sends data back to the sensor. Which type of transmission is being used?
Medium
- ASerial half-duplex
- BSerial simplex
- CParallel half-duplex
- DParallel full-duplex
25.A USB 3.0 device is connected to a USB 2.0 port. What is the maximum data transfer speed?
Easy
- A5 Gbps
- B480 Mbps
- C12 Mbps
- D80 Gbps
26.A network uses packet switching to send a 10 MB file. The file is split into 100 packets. During transmission, 3 packets are corrupted. How much data needs to be resent?
Easy
- A10 MB
- B0.3 MB
- C3 packets worth of data
- DThe entire file
27.A keyboard is connected to a computer via USB. The keyboard sends keystroke data to the computer, and the computer never sends data back to the keyboard. Which transmission methods are used?
Medium
- ASerial half-duplex
- BSerial simplex
- CParallel simplex
- DSerial full-duplex
28.In packet switching, what is the role of routers?
Easy
- ATo break data into packets
- BTo assign packet numbers
- CTo determine the best route for each packet
- DTo reassemble packets at the destination
29.In packet switching, what is the purpose of the packet number in the header?
Easy
- ATo identify the source IP address
- BTo allow the receiver to reassemble packets in the correct order
- CTo determine the fastest route for the packet
- DTo encrypt the payload data
30.Which of the following is an example of simplex transmission?
Easy
- AA network cable sending and receiving data simultaneously
- BA printer cable waiting for data before sending a 'low ink' message
- CSending data from a computer to a monitor
- DA USB flash drive transferring data to a computer
31.A keyboard is connected to a computer via USB. The keyboard sends keystroke data to the computer, and the computer never sends data back to the keyboard. Which type of transmission does this represent?
Medium
- ASerial half-duplex
- BSerial simplex
- CParallel simplex
- DSerial full-duplex
32.A file is split into 10 packets for transmission. Packet 7 is corrupted during transmission. Which statement best describes what happens?
Easy
- AOnly packet 7 is resent.
- BAll 10 packets are resent.
- CThe entire file is resent from the start.
- DThe receiver ignores the error and continues.
33.A network uses packet switching to send a 2 MB file. The file is split into 200 packets of equal size. Each packet header is 64 bytes. What is the total size of the data being transmitted, including headers?
Hard
- A2.0128 MB
- B2.128 MB
- C2.64 MB
34.A company transmits large video files from a local office to a server 2 metres away. Which transmission method is most appropriate?
Medium
- AParallel half-duplex
- BSerial simplex
- CParallel full-duplex
- DSerial half-duplex
35.A sensor transmits temperature readings to a computer every second. The computer never sends data back. The sensor is 10 metres from the computer. Which of the following combinations is most appropriate?
Medium
- ASerial simplex
- BParallel simplex
- CSerial half-duplex
- DParallel half-duplex
36.Which component of a data packet contains the actual data being sent?
Easy
- APayload
- BHeader
- CTrailer
- DPacket number
37.Which of the following is a disadvantage of parallel transmission compared to serial transmission?
Medium
- AMore prone to interference and data skew
- BSlower transmission speed
- CMore expensive over long distances
- DCannot be used with simplex transmission
38.A network uses packet switching. A 5 MB file is split into 500 packets. During transmission, 2 packets are lost. How much data needs to be retransmitted?
Easy
- A2 packets only
- BAll 500 packets
- CThe entire 5 MB file
- D1 packet only
39.Which of the following best describes serial transmission?
Easy
- ABits are sent one at a time along a single wire
- BMultiple bits are sent simultaneously along separate wires
- CData is sent in both directions at the same time
- DData is sent in only one direction
40.A keyboard is connected to a computer via USB. The keyboard sends keystroke data to the computer, and the computer never sends data back to the keyboard. Which type of transmission is being used?
Easy
- ASimplex
- BHalf-duplex
- CFull-duplex
- DSerial half-duplex
41.In packet switching, all packets of a message take the same route to the destination.
Easy
True or false?
42.Which type of data transmission sends multiple bits simultaneously along separate wires?
Easy
- ASerial
- BParallel
- CSimplex
- DFull-duplex
43.A television broadcast from a station to a home is an example of which transmission mode?
Easy
- ASimplex
- BHalf-duplex
- CFull-duplex
- DSerial
44.Which of the following are advantages of packet switching? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AThe whole file does not need to be resent if a packet is lost
- BPackets always arrive in order
- CIt is harder to hack individual data as packets travel separately
- DIt is slower than sending one large packet
45.Match each transmission mode to its correct description.
Medium
- Simplex
- Half-duplex
- Full-duplex
- Data travels in both directions simultaneously
- Data travels in one direction only
- Data travels in both directions but only one at a time
46.Arrange the following steps of packet switching in the correct order.
Medium
- Data is broken down into packets
- Packets are assigned a header
- Packets make their way to the destination via routers
- Packets arrive and are reordered correctly
47.A device uses serial half-duplex transmission. Which of the following best describes its operation?
Medium
- AData is sent one bit at a time in both directions simultaneously on two wires
- BData is sent one bit at a time in both directions but not at the same time on a single wire
- CMultiple bits are sent simultaneously in one direction only
- DData is sent one bit at a time in one direction only
48.Which of the following are components of a data packet header? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- ASource IP address
- BPayload
- CDestination IP address
- DPacket number
- ETrailer
49.An office has a printer connected via a parallel cable. The printer receives data from the computer and then sends a status message back. The computer and printer never send data at the same time. Which type of data transmission is being used?
Medium
- ASerial half-duplex
- BParallel half-duplex
- CParallel full-duplex
- DSerial simplex
50.In packet switching, all packets of a single message always take the same route to the destination.
Easy
True or false?
51.Complete the sentence.
Easy
USB is an example of ____ transmission.
52.What is the maximum data transfer rate of USB 2.0 in Mbps?
Easy
53.State the type of data transmission used in a USB connection.
Easy
54.A file of size 10 MB is to be transmitted using packet switching. The file is split into packets of size 1000 bytes each. Each packet has a header of 64 bytes. Calculate the total number of bytes transmitted, including headers.
Medium
55.A USB 3.0 device transfers data at 5 Gbps. How many seconds will it take to transfer a 1.25 GB file? (1 GB = 10⁹ bytes, 1 byte = 8 bits)
Hard
56.Describe how a computer automatically detects and installs a driver for a newly connected USB device.
Medium
57.Explain why parallel transmission is not suitable for long-distance data transmission.
Medium
58.What is the maximum data transfer rate of USB 2.0 in Mbps?
Easy
- A528 Mbps
- B480 Mbps
- C576 Mbps
- D432 Mbps
59.A file of size 10 MB is to be transmitted using packet switching. The file is split into packets of size 1000 bytes each. Each packet has a header of 64 bytes. Calculate the total number of bytes transmitted, including headers.
Medium
- A9677 bytes
- B11827 bytes
- C12902 bytes
- D10752 bytes
60.A USB 3.0 device transfers data at 5 Gbps. How many seconds will it take to transfer a 1.25 GB file? (1 GB = 10⁹ bytes, 1 byte = 8 bits)
Hard
- A1 seconds
- B3 seconds
- C2 seconds
- D4 seconds

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