Beyond the solar system

9.Which of the following is the correct sequence for the life cycle of a star similar to our Sun?

10.What is formed from the explosion (supernova) of a very massive star?

11.A red supergiant explodes in a supernova. Which object is left behind if the original star was not the most massive?

12.Which of the following statements about galaxies is correct?

13.Proxima Centauri is 4.2 light years away. Given that one light year is 9.5 × 10¹⁵ m, what is the distance to Proxima Centauri in metres?

14.Which of the following is the correct order of size from smallest to largest?

15.Light from the Andromeda galaxy takes 2.5 million years to reach Earth. How far away is the Andromeda galaxy?

16.A star has a mass 20 times that of the Sun. At the end of its life, it explodes in a supernova. What is most likely to remain after the supernova?

17.What is the name of the explosion that occurs at the end of a red supergiant's life?

18.A student says: 'The universe was formed about 5000 years ago.' Is this statement true or false?

19.The speed of light is 300 000 000 m/s. How far does light travel in one year? (1 year = 365 days, 1 day = 86400 s)

20.The table shows the distances of some stars from Earth. Which star is the closest?

21.A star similar to the Sun runs out of hydrogen. It expands to become a red giant. What is the next stage in its life cycle?

22.Which of the following is the correct sequence in the formation of a main sequence star?

23.A red supergiant explodes in a supernova. If the original star was not the most massive, what object is left behind?

24.A student uses a telescope to observe a distant galaxy. The light from the galaxy is found to be redshifted. What does the redshift of the light indicate about the galaxy?

25.A scientist measures the distance to a star using parallax. The star has a parallax angle of 0.1 arcseconds. Which of the following is the distance to the star?

26.An astronomer observes a Type Ia supernova in a distant galaxy. The supernova has an apparent magnitude of 15. Knowing that Type Ia supernovae have a standard absolute magnitude of -19.3, what is the approximate distance to the galaxy? (Use the distance modulus formula: m - M = 5 log10(d) - 5, where d is in parsecs)

27.Which of the following is the correct definition of a light year?

28.A star has a mass 10 times that of the Sun. At the end of its life, it explodes in a supernova. What is most likely to remain after the supernova?

29.The Hubble constant H0 is approximately 70 km/s/Mpc. A galaxy is observed to have a recessional velocity of 7000 km/s. What is the approximate distance to the galaxy?

30.Which of the following lists the stages in the life cycle of a star with a mass similar to the Sun in the correct order?

31.A student uses a spectrophotometer to measure the spectrum of a star. The star's spectrum shows strong absorption lines of hydrogen. Which of the following can be determined from the position of these lines?

32.A distant galaxy is observed to have a redshift z = 0.1. What does this redshift imply about the galaxy?

33.Which of the following is the correct order of magnitude for the number of stars in a typical galaxy?

34.A student investigates the relationship between the distance of a galaxy and its recessional velocity. The student plots a graph of velocity against distance. What shape should the graph have?

35.The universe contains billions of galaxies. Which of the following statements about galaxies is correct?

36.Which of the following is the correct description of a nebula?

37.A main sequence star runs out of hydrogen and expands. Which of the following correctly describes what happens next for a star similar in size to our Sun?

38.Which of the following is the correct sequence for the life cycle of a very massive star (much bigger than the Sun)?

39.Which of the following statements about the universe is true?

40.The Andromeda galaxy is 2.5 million light years away from Earth. If the speed of light is 300000000 m/s and one year is 365 days, what is the distance to the Andromeda galaxy in metres?

41.A galaxy contains around 1000 stars.

42.The universe contains billions of galaxies.

43.A galaxy is bigger than the universe.

44.The universe was formed around 5000 years ago.

45.The speed of light is 300 000 000 m/s.

46.A red supergiant explodes. What is this explosion called?

47.Which of the following are formed from the death of a very massive star? (Select all that apply)

48.Match each stage on the left with the correct description on the right.

49.Put the following stages in the correct order for the life cycle of a very massive star (much bigger than the Sun).

50.The Andromeda galaxy is 2.5 million light years away from Earth. If the speed of light is 300 000 000 m/s, what is the distance to the Andromeda galaxy in metres? (1 year = 365 days, 1 day = 86400 s)

51.State the name of the galaxy that our solar system is in.

52.A light year is equal to 9.5 × 10¹⁵ m. The nearest star to Earth (other than the Sun) is Proxima Centauri, which is 4.2 light years away. Calculate this distance in metres. Give your answer in standard form.

53.State what is at the centre of our galaxy.

54.Describe what a nebula is.

55.Fill in the blanks to complete the life cycle stages for a star similar to the Sun.

56.What is the name of the galaxy that is 2.5 million light years away from the Milky Way?

57.The speed of light is 300,000,000 m/s. How many seconds are there in one year? (Use 365 days per year and 24 hours per day, 3600 seconds per hour). Then calculate one light year in metres. Give your answer in standard form.

58.Complete the life cycle stages for a star similar to the Sun.

59.A galaxy is observed to have a recessional velocity of 7000 km/s. Using Hubble's law with a Hubble constant of 70 km/s/Mpc, calculate the distance to the galaxy in Mpc.

60.Describe how a main sequence star is formed from a nebula.

61.A light year is equal to 9.5 × 10¹⁵ m. The nearest star to Earth (other than the Sun) is Proxima Centauri, which is 4.2 light years away. Calculate this distance in metres. Give your answer in standard form.

62.The speed of light is 300,000,000 m/s. How many seconds are there in one year? (Use 365 days per year and 24 hours per day, 3600 seconds per hour). Then calculate one light year in metres. Give your answer in standard form.

63.A galaxy is observed to have a recessional velocity of 7000 km/s. Using Hubble's law with a Hubble constant of 70 km/s/Mpc, calculate the distance to the galaxy in Mpc.