Properties of transition metals

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Typical Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are lustrous, hard, strong and good conductors of heat and electricity.
They have high densities and very high melting points.
They can have more than one oxidation state because they can lose different numbers of electrons.
They form coloured compounds.
The elements Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu are common examples.
Their compounds in different oxidation states have different colours in aqueous solution.

Uses of Transition Metals

Transition metals are widely used as catalysts – substances that speed up a reaction without being used up.
They work as catalysts because they can interchange between oxidation states, forming complexes that donate and accept electrons.
Iron is used in the Haber Process.
Vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) is used in the Contact Process to make sulfuric acid.
Nickel is used in the hydrogenation of alkenes.
They are used in medicine and surgical applications such as limb and joint replacement.
Titanium is useful because it is the only element that can bond with bones due to its high biocompatibility.
They are used in dyes and paints, stained glass, jewellery and anti-corrosive materials.

Transition Metals vs. Alkali Metals

Transition metals are found between Groups 2 and 3 in the centre of the periodic table.
Group 1 metals form +1 ions only, while transition metals form ions with variable charges (e.g. Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺).
Transition metals are harder, stronger and denser than Group 1 metals, which are soft and light.
Transition metals have much higher melting points (e.g. titanium melts at 1,688 °C; potassium at 63.5 °C).
Transition metals are much less reactive than Group 1 metals.
Group 1 metals react with water, oxygen and halogens; transition metals react very slowly or not at all.
A Group 1 metal tarnishes in seconds in oxygen, while iron takes weeks to rust and needs water.

Alkali metals occupy the far-left column; hydrogen is not presented as a Group 1 metal.

Key Points to Remember

Transition metals themselves are not colourful – it is their compounds that are coloured.
Scandium and zinc are in the transition metal area but are not transition elements because they do not form coloured compounds and have only one oxidation state.
You should be able to recall at least two applications of transition elements and explain why they are used.
Transition metals are not consumed when acting as catalysts.

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1.Where are the transition elements found in the periodic table?
Easy
- AIn Group 1
- BBetween Group 2 and Group 3
- CIn Group 0
- DBetween Group 4 and Group 5
2.Which of the following metals are transition elements? (select all that apply)
Easy
- ACalcium
- BCopper
- CCaesium
- DChromium
- EChlorine
3.Which of the following properties would you expect manganese to have? (select all that apply)
Medium
- ALow melting point
- BUseful as a catalyst
- COnly forms a 1+ ion
- DDull
- EGood conductor of heat and electricity
- FForms coloured compounds
4.Which of the following properties would you expect both sodium (a Group 1 metal) and manganese (a transition metal) to have?
Easy
- ALow melting point
- BUseful as a catalyst
- COnly forms a 1+ ion
- DForms coloured compounds
5.Which of the following metals would be most suitable as a catalyst?
Medium
- ASodium
- BNickel
- CCalcium
- DAluminium
6.A metal oxide catalyst is used to speed up the reaction between ammonia and oxygen to produce nitrogen and water. Which of the following metal oxides would most likely be used?
Medium
- ANa₂O
- BLi₂O
- CAl₂O₃
- DCr₂O₃
7.Which statement about transition metals and Group 1 metals is correct?
Easy
- AGroup 1 metals are less reactive than transition metals
- BGroup 1 metals are harder than transition metals
- CTransition metals have lower melting points than Group 1 metals
- DTransition metals are more dense than Group 1 metals
8.Which combination of properties makes transition metals suitable for use in cutting tools?
Medium
- AMalleable and hard
- BStrong and ductile
- CNot reactive and high melting point
- DHigh boiling point and conducts electricity

Soal lainnya

9.Transition metals themselves are coloured compounds.
Easy
True or false?
10.Transition metals are more reactive than Group 1 metals.
Easy
True or false?
11.Match each transition metal with its common use.
Medium
- Iron
- Vanadium pentoxide
- Nickel
- Titanium
- Haber Process catalyst
- Contact Process catalyst
- Hydrogenation of alkenes catalyst
- Bone and joint replacement
12.Which of the following is NOT a typical property of transition metals?
Medium
- AHigh density
- BHigh melting point
- CForm coloured compounds
- DSoft and low density
13.Place the following transition metals in order of increasing melting point, using the data provided: Cr (1900 °C), Fe (1538 °C), Cu (1085 °C), Ni (1455 °C).
Medium
- Cr
- Fe
- Cu
- Ni
14.Match each transition metal to the correct use.
Medium
- Iron
- Nickel
- Vanadium pentoxide
- Titanium
- Catalyst in the Haber Process
- Catalyst in the hydrogenation of alkenes
- Catalyst in the Contact Process
- Used in joint replacements
15.Arrange the following metals in order of increasing density, using typical values: potassium (0.86 g/cm³), sodium (0.97 g/cm³), iron (7.87 g/cm³), copper (8.96 g/cm³).
Medium
- Potassium
- Sodium
- Iron
- Copper
16.Which of the following statements about transition metal compounds are correct? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AThey can be coloured.
- BThey often act as catalysts.
- CThey always contain ions with a +1 charge.
- DThey can contain the metal in different oxidation states.
- EThey are always colourless in aqueous solution.
17.Which of the following are typical properties of transition metals? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AHigh melting points
- BLow density
- CForm coloured compounds
- DVariable oxidation states
- EVery soft and easily cut
18.Which of the following statements about transition metals and their compounds are correct? (select all that apply)
Hard
- ATransition metals are less reactive than Group 1 metals.
- BAll transition metals form only one ion with a +1 charge.
- CTransition metals can act as catalysts by changing between oxidation states.
- DTransition metal compounds are always colourless.
- ETransition metals are generally harder and denser than Group 1 metals.
19.A student tests an unknown metal and finds it forms coloured compounds, has variable oxidation states, and is used as a catalyst. Which of the following elements could the metal be? (select all that apply)
Hard
- AChromium
- BManganese
- CSodium
- DCopper
- EPotassium
20.Which of the following are reasons why transition metals are used as catalysts? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AThey can change between different oxidation states.
- BThey are used up during the reaction.
- CThey can form complexes that donate and accept electrons.
- DThey are very reactive with water.
- EThey speed up the rate of a reaction without being consumed.
21.Transition metals are less reactive than Group 1 metals.
Easy
True or false?
22.Variable oxidation state means a transition metal can form ions with different charges.
Medium
True or false?
23.Transition metals generally have higher melting points than Group 1 metals.
Easy
True or false?
24.Which type of element is metal X most likely to be?
Medium
- AA Group 1 metal
- BA transition metal
- CA noble gas
- DA halogen
25.Which of the following properties would you also expect metal X to have? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AVariable oxidation states
- BLow density
- CGood conductor of electricity
- DSoft and easily cut
- EForms coloured compounds
26.A student places a freshly cut piece of potassium and a freshly cleaned piece of iron in separate dishes of water. Which observation best compares their reactivity?
Medium
- APotassium reacts vigorously and fizzes, while iron reacts very slowly or not at all.
- BBoth metals react at the same rate, producing hydrogen gas.
- CIron reacts vigorously and fizzes, while potassium reacts very slowly.
- DNeither metal reacts with water.
27.A student adds a solution of a transition metal compound to water and observes a blue colour. Which statement is correct?
Medium
- AThe blue colour is due to the transition metal compound formed.
- BThe blue colour shows that the transition metal itself is blue.
- CThe blue colour means the compound is a catalyst.
- DThe blue colour indicates the metal is a Group 1 metal.
28.Which of the following statements about transition metal catalysts are correct? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AThey speed up a reaction without being used up.
- BThey are consumed during the reaction.
- CTheir catalytic ability is linked to variable oxidation states.
- DThey are always coloured compounds.
- EIron is used as a catalyst in the Haber Process.
29.Transition metals have higher melting points than Group 1 metals.
Easy
True or false?
30.A student tests an unknown metal and finds it forms coloured compounds, has variable oxidation states, and is used as a catalyst. Which of the following elements is it most likely to be?
Hard
- ASodium
- BCalcium
- CCopper
- DArgon
31.Which of the following is a typical property of transition metals?
Medium
- ALow melting point
- BLow density
- CForm coloured compounds
- DSoft and brittle
32.A student wants to investigate how quickly a transition metal catalyst speeds up the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Which method would give the most reliable comparison of reaction rate?
Medium
- AMeasure the volume of oxygen gas produced every 10 seconds using a gas syringe
- BWeigh the catalyst before and after the reaction
- CObserve the colour of the solution before and after the reaction
- DMeasure the total mass of hydrogen peroxide used
33.Which of the following observations would provide evidence that an unknown metal is a transition metal rather than a Group 1 metal? (select all that apply)
Hard
- AIt forms a blue compound when dissolved in water
- BIt reacts vigorously with cold water to produce hydrogen gas
- CIt forms ions with a 2+ charge and ions with a 3+ charge
- DIt is soft and can be cut easily with a knife
- EIt has a high melting point of 1538 °C
34.Transition metals are used as catalysts because they can change between different oxidation states during a reaction.
Easy
True or false?
35.Match each transition metal catalyst to the industrial process it catalyses.
Medium
- Iron
- Vanadium pentoxide
- Nickel
- Haber Process
- Contact Process
- Hydrogenation of alkenes
36.Place the following steps in the correct order for an experiment to compare the catalytic activity of two transition metal oxides.
Hard
- Measure 20 cm³ of hydrogen peroxide into a conical flask
- Add 0.5 g of the first metal oxide and start the timer
- Record the volume of gas produced every 10 seconds for 1 minute
- Repeat the experiment with the second metal oxide
- Compare the rates of gas production
37.A sample of an unknown metal is placed in dilute hydrochloric acid. A gas is produced slowly. When a compound of the metal is dissolved in water, a green solution forms. The metal can form ions with charges of 2+ and 3+. Which metal is most likely to be present?
Hard
- AIron
- BSodium
- CCopper
- DCalcium
38.A transition metal catalyst is used in an industrial reaction. Which statements about the catalyst are correct? (select all that apply)
Challenge
- AIt speeds up the reaction without being used up
- BIt is consumed during the reaction
- CIt provides an alternative pathway with lower activation energy
- DIt changes the products formed
- EIt can change between different oxidation states during the reaction
39.Which metal is most likely to be a transition metal?
Medium
- AMetal X
- BMetal Y
- CBoth metals
- DNeither metal
40.Which term describes a substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction without being used up in the process?
Easy
- ACatalyst
- BReactant
- CProduct
- DOxidising agent
41.What is the name used to describe the block of elements in the middle of the periodic table?
Easy
42.Name the property of transition metals that allows them to form ions with different charges.
Easy
43.Complete the sentences about transition metals using the correct terms.
Easy
Transition metals can form ions with different charges, which is known as having a variable ____. They often form ____ compounds, and many are useful as ____.
44.Titanium melts at 1,688 °C. Potassium melts at 63.5 °C. What is the difference in their melting points, in °C?
Easy
45.Iron can form Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions. What is the difference in the number of positive charges between these two ions?
Medium
46.Complete the table by naming the catalyst used in each process.
Medium
The catalyst used in the Haber Process is ____. The catalyst used in the Contact Process is ____. The catalyst used in the hydrogenation of alkenes is ____.
47.Name the block of elements found between Groups 2 and 3 in the centre of the periodic table.
Easy
48.Give the term used to describe the ability of a transition metal to form ions with different charges.
Medium
49.Name the property of transition metals that allows them to form coloured compounds and act as catalysts.
Medium
50.Iron can form Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions. How many more positive charges does the Fe³⁺ ion have than the Fe²⁺ ion?
Medium
51.Complete the sentence about transition metal compounds using the correct term.
Medium
Transition metals form ____ compounds.
52.An atom of titanium has the symbol Ti-48 (atomic number 22). How many neutrons are in this atom?
Medium
53.Explain why transition metals are widely used as catalysts.
Hard
54.State three differences between the properties of transition metals and Group 1 metals.
Medium
55.Explain how the electronic structure of a transition metal allows it to act as a catalyst.
Hard
56.Explain why transition metals are less reactive than Group 1 metals.
Medium
57.A student is given an unknown metal and asked to determine whether it is a transition metal or a Group 1 metal. Describe two experimental tests the student could carry out and state the expected result for each if the metal is a transition metal.
Hard
58.Titanium melts at 1,688 °C. Potassium melts at 63.5 °C. What is the difference in their melting points, in °C?
Easy
- A1949.5 °C
- B1624.5 °C
- C1462 °C
- D1787 °C
59.Iron can form Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions. What is the difference in the number of positive charges between these two ions?
Medium
- A1
- B0
- C3
- D2
60.Iron can form Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions. How many more positive charges does the Fe³⁺ ion have than the Fe²⁺ ion?
Medium
- A3
- B0
- C2
- D1
61.An atom of titanium has the symbol Ti-48 (atomic number 22). How many neutrons are in this atom?
Medium
- A23
- B26
- C32
- D29

Kartu flash

Where are the transition metals found in the periodic table?

They are located between Groups 2 and 3, in the centre of the periodic table.

Name four typical physical properties of transition metals.

They are hard, strong, lustrous, and good conductors of heat and electricity.

How do the melting points of transition metals compare with those of Group 1 metals?

Transition metals have much higher melting points; for example, titanium melts at 1,688 °C while potassium melts at only 63.5 °C.

How do the densities of transition metals compare with those of Group 1 metals?

Transition metals are much denser than Group 1 metals, which are very soft and light.

How does the reactivity of transition metals compare with that of Group 1 metals?

Transition metals are much less reactive than Group 1 metals; they react very slowly or not at all with water, oxygen and halogens.

What charge do ions of Group 1 metals always have?

Group 1 metals always form ions with a +1 charge.

What is meant by a variable oxidation state?

Transition metals can lose different numbers of electrons, so they can form ions with different charges, such as Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺.

Which two elements in the transition metal area of the periodic table are not considered transition elements, and why?

Scandium and zinc, because they do not form coloured compounds and have only one oxidation state.

Do transition metals themselves show a range of colours?

No — it is the compounds they form that are colourful, not the metals themselves.

What happens to the colour of compounds containing transition elements in different oxidation states?

They have different properties and different colours in aqueous solutions.

What is a catalyst?

A substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction without being used up in the process.

Why can transition metals act as catalysts?

They can interchange between a range of oxidation states, allowing them to form complexes with reagents that easily donate and accept electrons.

Which transition metal catalyst is used in the Haber Process?

Iron.

Which transition metal compound is used in the Contact Process to produce sulfuric acid?

Vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅).

Which transition metal is used in the hydrogenation of alkenes?

Nickel.

Give two medical uses of transition metals.

They are used in limb and joint replacements, and titanium can bond with bones due to its high biocompatibility.

Give two industrial uses of transition metal compounds.

They are used to make coloured compounds in dyes and paints, and in stained glass, jewellery and anti-corrosive materials.

Why is copper used to produce electrical wiring?

Because it is a good conductor of electricity.

Why is iron used in the construction industry for girders in buildings?

Because it is strong.

Why is gold used in jewellery?

Because it does not react with air.

Why is cobalt oxide added to glazes in pottery?

Because it is a coloured compound.

Why is brass more suitable than copper for making musical instruments?

Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, so it is harder and stronger than pure copper.

Which metal is most suitable as a catalyst: sodium, nickel, calcium or aluminium?

Nickel, because it is a transition metal.

Which combination of properties makes transition metals suitable for cutting tools?

They are strong and hard.

What is the general word equation for the reaction of a metal with oxygen?

Metal + oxygen → metal oxide.

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