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Input & Output Devices

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Catatan pelajaran

Input Devices

  • Input devices are hardware components that allow users to interact with a computer system by inputting data or commands.
  • Barcode scanner: reads barcodes to capture product information; used in supermarkets, warehouses, libraries for quick and accurate stock/checkout.
  • Digital camera: captures photographs/videos as digital images; used in photography, smartphones, webcams for high-quality visual content.
  • Keyboard: inputs text and commands by pressing keys; used with computers, tablets, laptops for typing, data entry, and software control.
  • Microphone: captures analogue sound and converts it into digital signals; used in recording studios, smartphones, computers for audio recording and voice communication.
  • Optical mouse: moves the cursor based on hand movements over a surface; used with computers and laptops for precise control and navigation.
  • QR code scanner: reads QR codes to access stored information; used in retail shops and mobile apps for quick retrieval of website links or product info.
  • Touch screens – three types: resistive (press flexible layer; ATMs, older devices), infra-red (interrupts IR beams; kiosks, large displays), capacitive (electrical charge change; modern smartphones, tablets, multi-touch).
  • 2D scanner: captures flat images of documents/photos; used in offices, libraries, schools for digitisation.
  • 3D scanner: captures detailed 3D shapes and dimensions; used in manufacturing, design, medical imaging for digital models.

Output Devices

  • Output devices receive information from a computer system and present it to the user in an understandable form.
  • Actuator: converts energy into motion; used to make robot arms move, open valves, rotate motors – essential in systems requiring movement.
  • DLP projector: projects images/video by shining light through tiny mirrors; used in cinemas, classrooms, large presentations for high-quality images.
  • Inkjet printer: prints text/images by spraying tiny ink droplets; used at home, schools, offices – low cost compared to other printers.
  • Laser printer: heat from a laser fuses toner onto paper; used in offices and schools for high-quality, fast prints.
  • LED screen: displays images/video using tiny LEDs; used in TVs, monitors, smartphones – bright, energy efficient, thin.
  • LCD projector: projects images/video by shining light through liquid crystal panels; used in offices, classrooms, home cinemas – bright, good quality/affordability balance.
  • LCD screen: displays images/video using liquid crystals with a backlight; used in TVs, monitors, smartphones, laptops – energy efficient, thin, sharp, lightweight.
  • Speaker: converts electrical signals into analogue sound waves; used in TVs, radios, smartphones – multiple shapes and sizes.
  • 3D printer: adds thin layers of plastic to form a three-dimensional object; used in manufacturing, medicine, education, home for prototypes and custom parts.

Choosing the Right Device

  • User Needs: consider tasks – a graphic designer may need a graphics tablet, a data entry clerk a keyboard with number pad.
  • User Skills: touch screen may be more intuitive for some, mouse and keyboard for others.
  • Environment: wireless mouse for clutter-free office, wired mouse for public computer lab to prevent theft.
  • Cost: higher-end devices have more features but are more expensive; consider budget and whether extra features are worth the cost.

Sensors – Input Devices for Monitoring and Control

  • Sensors are input devices that measure a physical property of the environment (e.g., light, temperature, movement).
  • Monitoring system: tracks the state of a system, gathers data, may issue warning messages.
  • Control system: controls the system based on sensor input – e.g., if water temperature in a fish tank falls below acceptable level, a heater is switched on.
  • Feedback loop: outputs are recycled and used as inputs, creating a continuous cycle (e.g., heater switches off when temperature is within range).

Types of Sensors

  • Acoustic: measures sound levels; used to detect changes in industrial machinery, monitor noise pollution, security systems.
  • Accelerometer: measures acceleration rate, tilt, vibration; used in vehicles to deploy safety features, in phones to detect orientation.
  • Flow: measures rate of gas, liquid or powder flow; used to detect changes in flow through pipes in water systems.
  • Gas: detects presence of a gas (e.g., carbon monoxide); used in confined spaces, fixing gas leaks.
  • Humidity: measures levels of water vapour; used to monitor humidity in greenhouses.
  • Infra-red: detects motion or heat source; used in security systems (break beam), emergency services to detect people.
  • Level: measures liquid levels; used in car petrol tanks, water tanks, leak detection.
  • Light: measures light levels; used to automatically switch on street lights/headlights when dark.
  • Magnetic field: detects presence and strength; used in anti-lock braking systems, monitoring rotating machinery.
  • Moisture: measures presence and levels of moisture; used in soil monitoring, dampness in buildings.
  • pH: measures acidity or alkalinity; used in soil monitoring for optimum growing conditions, chemical processes.
  • Pressure: measures gas, liquid or physical pressure; used in tyre pressure monitoring, pipe pressure in manufacturing.
  • Proximity: measures distance; used in robotics for object positioning, safety systems to prevent collisions.
  • Temperature: measures temperature; used to maintain temperature in swimming pools, control chemical processes.

Worked Example – Sensors

  • Question: What type of sensor would be used to help drivers when reversing? Options: A Motion, B Infra-red, C Light, D Proximity. Answer: D Proximity.
  • Question: Is this a monitoring system or a control system? Options: A Monitoring, B Control. Answer: B Control.

Overview of input and output devices, including sensors.

Input & Output Devices OverviewInput Devices• Keyboard• Mouse• Microphone• Scanner• Barcode/QR reader• Touch screen• SensorsOutput Devices• Monitor (LED/LCD)• Projector (DLP/LCD)• Printer (inkjet/laser)• 3D printer• Speaker• ActuatorDataSensors: measure physical properties (light, temperature, pressure, etc.)

Feedback loop in a control system: sensor → processor → actuator, with feedback.

Sensor Feedback Loop (Control System)SensorProcessorActuatorFeedback loop

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Soal latihan

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  1. 1.Which of the following is an input device?

    Easy
    • ASpeaker
    • BLaser printer
    • CBarcode scanner
    • DLED screen
  2. 2.Which output device converts electrical signals into analogue sound waves?

    Easy
    • AActuator
    • BSpeaker
    • CMicrophone
    • DDLP projector
  3. 3.A sensor that measures acceleration rate, tilt, and vibration is called:

    Easy
    • AAcoustic sensor
    • BAccelerometer
    • CPressure sensor
    • DProximity sensor
  4. 4.Which type of touch screen detects touch through changes in electrical charge on the screen surface?

    Medium
    • AResistive
    • BInfra-red
    • CCapacitive
    • DOptical
  5. 5.A greenhouse uses a sensor to monitor water vapour levels. Which sensor is most suitable?

    Medium
    • AHumidity sensor
    • BMoisture sensor
    • CTemperature sensor
    • DLight sensor
  6. 6.Which of the following is an advantage of an inkjet printer compared to a laser printer?

    Easy
    • AFaster print speed
    • BHigher quality prints
    • CLower cost
    • DUses toner powder
  7. 7.In a control system, a sensor measures the water temperature in a fish tank. When the temperature falls below a set point, a heater is switched on. This is an example of:

    Medium
    • AMonitoring system
    • BFeedback loop
    • COpen-loop system
    • DManual control
  8. 8.Which sensor would be most appropriate for a system that detects intruders by sensing body heat?

    Easy
    • AInfra-red sensor
    • BMotion sensor
    • CAcoustic sensor
    • DPressure sensor

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