Organic Families

遊んで学ぼう

問題に答えてエネルギーを集めたら、釣りや探検を楽しもう。アカウント不要。

先生の方へ： Organic Families（Chemistry、CIE）向けのすぐ使えるレッスンスライド, 復習ノート, 図解 — レッスンで使うか、生徒がライブゲームとして遊ぶインタラクティブなクラス活動としてトピックを実施できます。

レッスンノート

Fossil Fuels

A fuel is a substance that releases heat energy when burned.
Common fossil fuels: coal, natural gas (mainly methane, CH₄), and petroleum (crude oil).
Hydrocarbons are compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms.
Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons separated by fractional distillation into fractions with similar boiling points.
Fractional distillation uses a column with a temperature gradient: hot at bottom, cool at top.
Properties of fractions: as chain length increases, viscosity increases, volatility decreases, and boiling point increases.
Uses: refinery gas (heating/cooking), gasoline (car fuel), naphtha (chemicals), kerosene (jet fuel), diesel (engines), fuel oil (ships), lubricating oil, bitumen (roads).

Fractional distillation of petroleum

Alkanes

Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with only single C–C bonds; general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₂.
First five: methane (CH₄), ethane (C₂H₆), propane (C₃H₈), butane (C₄H₁₀), pentane (C₅H₁₂).
They undergo complete combustion: alkane + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O.
They can be cracked into smaller molecules (alkanes, alkenes, H₂).
Substitution reaction with halogens (e.g., Cl₂) in UV light: H atom replaced by halogen (e.g., CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl).

Butane, an alkane

Alkenes

Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one C=C double bond; general formula CₙH₂ₙ.
First four: ethene (C₂H₄), propene (C₃H₆), but-1-ene (C₄H₈), pent-1-ene (C₅H₁₀).
Catalytic cracking of long-chain alkanes (600–700°C, alumina/silica catalyst) produces shorter alkanes, alkenes, and H₂.
Alkenes decolourise bromine water (orange → colourless) – test for unsaturation; alkanes do not.
More reactive than alkanes due to the C=C bond.

But-1-ene, an alkene

Addition Reactions (Extended)

In addition reactions, atoms add across the C=C bond; only one product formed.
With bromine: ethene + Br₂ → 1,2-dibromoethane (saturated).
With hydrogen (Ni catalyst): ethene + H₂ → ethane.
With steam (hydration, acid catalyst): ethene + H₂O → ethanol.
These reactions produce saturated compounds from alkenes.

Addition reaction of ethene and bromine

Alcohols

Alcohols contain the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group; general formula CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH.
First three: methanol (CH₃OH), ethanol (C₂H₅OH), propanol (C₃H₇OH).
Ethanol is used in alcoholic drinks, as a fuel, and as a solvent; burns to CO₂ and H₂O.
Manufacture: hydration of ethene (300°C, 60 atm, H₃PO₄ catalyst) – continuous, pure product, uses non-renewable crude oil.
Manufacture: fermentation of glucose (yeast, 25–35°C, anaerobic) – batch process, renewable, dilute product.
Fermentation equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2CO₂ + 2C₂H₅OH.

Ethanol, an alcohol

Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids contain the -COOH group; they behave as typical acids.
React with metals: e.g., 2CH₃COOH + Mg → (CH₃COO)₂Mg + H₂.
React with bases (neutralisation): CH₃COOH + KOH → CH₃COOK + H₂O.
React with carbonates: 2CH₃COOH + K₂CO₃ → 2CH₃COOK + H₂O + CO₂.
Salts end in -anoate (e.g., ethanoate from ethanoic acid).

Ethanoic acid, a carboxylic acid

Ethanoic Acid & Esterification (Extended)

Ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH) is made by oxidation of ethanol: via fermentation (air, bacteria) or using acidified KMnO₄ (purple → colourless).
Esterification: alcohol + carboxylic acid → ester + water, with concentrated H₂SO₄ catalyst.
Example: CH₃COOH + C₂H₅OH ⇌ CH₃COOC₂H₅ (ethyl ethanoate) + H₂O.
Esters are sweet-smelling oils used in flavourings and perfumes.
Naming: first part from alcohol (ends -yl), second from acid (ends -oate); e.g., pentanol + butanoic acid → pentyl butanoate.

Reflux apparatus for the oxidation of ethanol

スライド

Step through every slide for this topic — plus flashcards and revision notes — with a free account.

登録 — 無料ログイン

練習問題

無料プレビュー — 48問中8問。すべて見るには登録を。

1.What is meant by the term hydrocarbon?
Easy
- AA compound containing hydrogen and carbon only
- BA compound containing carbon and oxygen only
- CA compound containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen
- DA compound containing carbon and nitrogen only
2.What is meant by the term saturated in the context of hydrocarbons?
Easy
- AContains only single carbon-carbon bonds
- BContains at least one carbon-carbon double bond
- CContains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible
- DContains only carbon and hydrogen atoms
3.What is the general formula for the homologous series of alkanes?
Easy
- ACₙH₂ₙ₊₂
- BCₙH₂ₙ
- CCₙH₂ₙ₋₂
- DCₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH
4.Which of the following is the correct equation for the complete combustion of methane?
Easy
- ACH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O
- BCH₄ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O
- CCH₄ + 2O₂ → CO + 2H₂O
- DCH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + H₂
5.Which of the following is a test to distinguish between an alkane and an alkene?
Easy
- AShake with bromine water; alkane remains orange, alkene turns colourless
- BShake with bromine water; alkane turns colourless, alkene remains orange
- CAdd sodium hydroxide; alkane produces gas, alkene does not
- DAdd silver nitrate; alkane gives precipitate, alkene does not
6.What are the products of the cracking of decane (C₁₀H₂₂) when it produces octane and ethene?
Medium
- AC₈H₁₈ and C₂H₄
- BC₈H₁₆ and C₂H₆
- CC₈H₁₈ and C₂H₆
- DC₈H₁₆ and C₂H₄
7.In the esterification reaction between ethanoic acid and ethanol, which catalyst is used?
Easy
- AConcentrated sulfuric acid
- BNickel
- CPhosphoric acid
- DAlumina
8.Which of the following fractions of crude oil is used as fuel for cars?
Easy
- AGasoline (petrol)
- BKerosene
- CDiesel
- DBitumen

もっと問題

9.What happens to the boiling point of hydrocarbon fractions as the number of carbon atoms increases?
Easy
- AIt increases
- BIt decreases
- CIt stays the same
- DIt increases then decreases
10.Which of the following is a condition for the hydration of ethene to produce ethanol?
Medium
- APhosphoric acid catalyst at 300°C and 60 atm
- BNickel catalyst at 150°C and 1 atm
- CConcentrated sulfuric acid at 100°C
- DAlumina catalyst at 600°C
11.What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?
Easy
- A–COOH
- B–OH
- C–COO–
- D–CHO
12.What is the general formula of the alkanes?
Easy
- AC_nH_2n+2
- BC_nH_2n
- CC_nH_2n-2
- DC_nH_2n+1OH
13.Which of the following is the correct equation for the cracking of decane (C₁₀H₂₂) to produce octane and ethene?
Easy
- AC₁₀H₂₂ → C₈H₁₈ + C₂H₄
- BC₁₀H₂₂ → C₈H₁₆ + C₂H₆
- CC₁₀H₂₂ → C₇H₁₆ + C₃H₆
- DC₁₀H₂₂ → C₈H₁₈ + C₂H₂
14.Which of the following fractions of crude oil has the highest boiling point?
Easy
- AGasoline
- BKerosene
- CDiesel
- DBitumen
15.A compound contains 82.76% carbon and 17.24% hydrogen by mass. Its relative molecular mass is 58. What is its molecular formula?
Hard
- AC₄H₁₀
- BC₃H₈
- CC₄H₈
- DC₃H₆
16.6.0 g of ethanoic acid (Mr = 60) reacts with 5.5 g of ethanol (Mr = 46) to form ethyl ethanoate (Mr = 88). What is the maximum yield of ethyl ethanoate?
Hard
- A8.8 g
- B10.5 g
- C6.0 g
- D5.5 g
17.In the reaction of ethanoic acid with magnesium, what are the products?
Easy
- AMagnesium ethanoate and hydrogen
- BMagnesium ethanoate and water
- CMagnesium oxide and carbon dioxide
- DMagnesium hydroxide and ethane
18.Which of the following esters is formed from ethanol and propanoic acid?
Medium
- AEthyl propanoate
- BPropyl ethanoate
- CEthyl ethanoate
- DPropyl propanoate
19.What is the functional group of alcohols?
Easy
- A-OH
- B-COOH
- CC=C
- D-COO-
20.A student tests two hydrocarbons, X and Y, with bromine water. X turns bromine water colourless, Y does not. What can be concluded?
Easy
- AX is an alkene, Y is an alkane
- BX is an alkane, Y is an alkene
- CBoth are alkenes
- DBoth are alkanes
21.What is the main constituent of natural gas?
Easy
- AMethane
- BEthane
- CPropane
- DButane
22.Which of the following fractions of crude oil is used as fuel for ships and for home heating?
Easy
- ADiesel
- BKerosene
- CFuel oil
- DBitumen
23.In the preparation of ethanol by fermentation, why is the temperature kept between 25 and 35 °C?
Medium
- ATo prevent the ethanol from evaporating
- BTo keep the yeast enzymes active and not denatured
- CTo increase the rate of reaction as much as possible
- DTo avoid killing the yeast with high alcohol concentration
24.What is the general formula of the alkenes?
Easy
- AC_nH_2n+2
- BC_nH_2n
- CC_nH_2n-2
- DC_nH_2n+1OH
25.A student prepares ethyl ethanoate by heating ethanol, ethanoic acid and concentrated sulfuric acid. What is the role of the concentrated sulfuric acid?
Easy
- AOxidising agent
- BDehydrating agent
- CCatalyst
- DDrying agent
26.During the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid using acidified potassium manganate(VII), what colour change is observed?
Easy
- AColourless to purple
- BPurple to colourless
- COrange to colourless
- DColourless to orange
27.Which of the following is a disadvantage of producing ethanol by fermentation compared to hydration of ethene?
Medium
- AIt uses non-renewable resources
- BIt produces a dilute solution of ethanol
- CIt requires high temperatures and pressures
- DIt is a continuous process
28.Which of the following is a solid fossil fuel?
Easy
- ACoal
- BNatural gas
- CPetroleum
- DDiesel
29.In the reaction between ethene and steam to produce ethanol, which of the following is required?
Medium
- APhosphoric acid catalyst and 300°C
- BNickel catalyst and 200°C
- CConcentrated sulfuric acid and 100°C
- DAlumina catalyst and 400°C
30.A student tests three hydrocarbons W, X, and Y with bromine water. W turns bromine water colourless, X and Y do not. Which statement is correct?
Medium
- AW is unsaturated, X and Y are saturated
- BW is saturated, X and Y are unsaturated
- CW is an alkane, X and Y are alkenes
- DW is an alkene, X is an alkane, Y is an alcohol
31.The diagram shows the structural formula of ethyl ethanoate. How many hydrogen atoms are bonded directly to the carbon of the C=O (carbonyl) group?
Easy
- A0
- B1
- C2
- D3
32.The diagram shows the apparatus used to oxidise ethanol to ethanoic acid using acidified potassium manganate(VII). What is the purpose of the condenser?
Medium
- ATo prevent the volatile ethanol from escaping
- BTo cool the product and collect it as a liquid
- CTo allow gases to escape safely
- DTo provide a surface for the reaction to occur
33.Alkanes contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
Easy
True or false?
34.Which of the following is the correct equation for the complete combustion of ethanol?
Medium
- AC₂H₅OH + 2O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O
- BC₂H₅OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 3H₂O
- CC₂H₅OH + 3O₂ → 2CO₂ + 2H₂O
- DC₂H₅OH + 2O₂ → 2CO₂ + 2H₂O
35.Arrange the following alkanes in order of increasing boiling point (lowest first).
Easy
- Methane
- Ethane
- Propane
- Butane
36.Which of the following are conditions for the fermentation of glucose to produce ethanol? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- ATemperature between 25–35 °C
- BPresence of oxygen
- CAddition of yeast
- DUse of a phosphoric acid catalyst
- EAbsence of oxygen
37.Which of the following is the catalyst used in the hydration of ethene to produce ethanol?
Easy
- ANickel
- BPhosphoric acid
- CAlumina
- DConcentrated sulfuric acid
38.Esters are sweet-smelling oily liquids used in food flavourings and perfumes.
Easy
True or false?
39.Match each fraction of crude oil with its correct use:
Medium
- Refinery gas
- Kerosene
- Bitumen
- Naphtha
- fuel for cars (petrol)
- for surfacing roads
- heating and cooking
- for making jet fuel (paraffin)
- raw product for producing chemicals
40.Which of the following are conditions for the hydration of ethene to produce ethanol? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- ATemperature of approximately 300°C
- BPressure of 60 atmospheres
- CCatalyst of phosphoric acid
- DNickel catalyst
- EPresence of oxygen
41.How many carbon atoms does propane have?
Easy
42.Complete the sentence.
Easy
The functional group of alcohols is the ____ group.
43.What is the colour change when bromine water is added to an alkene?
Easy
44.Calculate the volume of oxygen (in dm³) required for the complete combustion of 0.5 dm³ of ethene (C₂H₄) at room temperature and pressure. Assume all gases are at the same temperature and pressure and that 1 mole of gas occupies 24 dm³ at RTP.
Medium
45.Calculate the volume of oxygen (in dm³) required for the complete combustion of 0.5 dm³ of ethene (C₂H₄) at room temperature and pressure. Assume all gases are at the same temperature and pressure.
Medium
46.How many carbon atoms does propane have?
Easy
- A3
- B4
- C5
- D2
47.Calculate the volume of oxygen (in dm³) required for the complete combustion of 0.5 dm³ of ethene (C₂H₄) at room temperature and pressure. Assume all gases are at the same temperature and pressure and that 1 mole of gas occupies 24 dm³ at RTP.
Medium
- A1.5 dm³
- B3.5 dm³
- C2.5 dm³
- D0.5 dm³
48.Calculate the volume of oxygen (in dm³) required for the complete combustion of 0.5 dm³ of ethene (C₂H₄) at room temperature and pressure. Assume all gases are at the same temperature and pressure.
Medium
- A0.5 dm³
- B2.5 dm³
- C1.5 dm³
- D3.5 dm³

Unlock all 48 questions & more

無料アカウントを作って、このトピックのすべての問題・スライド・フラッシュカード・復習ノートを見よう。

登録 — 無料ログイン

過去問

このトピックの過去問練習は近日公開。

近日公開