The World Wide Web: websites, browsers and search engines

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レッスンノート

The Web and the Internet

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a global system of interconnected information, accessed via the Internet.
The Internet is the physical network of computers; the Web is a service that runs on it.
The Web uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) to transfer data between servers and browsers.
The Web was invented by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN in 1989 and opened to the public in 1993.
It was designed as a "universal linked information system" to share documents and resources.

Web Pages and Websites

A web page is a document formatted in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language).
HTML supports text, images, video, audio, and scripts for interactivity.
A website is a collection of related web pages, usually sharing a common domain name.
A single web server can host multiple websites; popular sites may use many servers.
Web content comes from companies, organisations, governments, and individuals.

HTML gives a page its structure, CSS its presentation, and JavaScript its behaviour.

URLs and Hyperlinks

A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the address of a web resource.
URLs identify and locate servers and resources on the Web.
Hyperlinks are embedded URLs in a page that let you jump to other resources.
Following hyperlinks across sites is called web surfing or navigation.

A URL has a protocol, a domain name, a path, and an optional resource.

Web Servers and Browsers

Web servers store and deliver web pages to users.
Web browsers are programs that request and display web pages.
The first browser was called WorldWideWeb, later renamed Nexus.
Browsers like Mosaic and Netscape made the Web graphical and popular.
Modern browsers can run web applications that work like software.

A browser sends a request to a web server across the internet, and the server returns the page.

How Search Engines Work

Search engines use programs called crawlers (or spiders) to browse the Web.
Crawlers follow hyperlinks to discover new and updated pages.
They index the content of pages in a huge database.
When you search, the engine ranks pages by relevance and importance.
Ranking uses factors like keywords, links, and page quality.

History and Development

Tim Berners-Lee proposed the Web in 1989 to solve document sharing at CERN.
He built the first HTTP server and browser by 1990.
The Web was released to the public in 1991 and became free in 1993.
The Mosaic browser (1993) made the Web popular with images and forms.
Netscape and Internet Explorer competed in the "browser wars".
The W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) was founded by Berners-Lee to set standards.

Key Concepts and Impact

The Web is decentralised – no central control over links or content.
It supports many media types: text, graphics, speech, and video.
Web applications are pages that function like software.
The Web is the world's dominant information platform, used by billions.
It has driven the Information Age and transformed communication.

A browser sends a request to a web server across the internet, and the server returns the page.

Crawlers discover pages by following links, the content is indexed, and a query is matched against that index.

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練習問題

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1.The World Wide Web was invented by Tim Berners-Lee.
Easy
True or false?
2.The World Wide Web and the Internet are the same thing.
Easy
True or false?
3.What does URL stand for?
Easy
- AUniform Resource Locator
- BUniversal Resource Link
- CUniform Resource Link
- DUniversal Resource Locator
4.A web browser is a program used to access and view web pages.
Easy
True or false?
5.Which of the following is the primary markup language used to create web pages?
Easy
- AHTTP
- BHTML
- CURL
- DXML
6.A single web server can only host one website.
Easy
True or false?
7.Who founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)?
Medium
- ATim Berners-Lee
- BMarc Andreessen
- CBill Gates
- DTed Nelson
8.Search engines display web pages in the order they are created.
Medium
True or false?

もっと問題

9.Match each web term to its description.
Easy
- URL
- HTML
- HTTP
- Web browser
- A character string that identifies and locates a resource on the Web
- A markup language used to create web pages
- The protocol used to transfer information on the Web
- A program used to access and view web pages
10.Put the steps in the correct order for how a search engine works.
Medium
- Crawling the web to discover pages
- Indexing the content of pages
- Ranking pages based on relevance and quality
- Displaying results in order of ranking
11.Which of the following statements about the World Wide Web are true? (select all that apply)
Medium
- AThe Web is a service that runs on the Internet.
- BThe Web was invented by Tim Berners-Lee.
- CThe Web and the Internet are the same thing.
- DA web page can contain hyperlinks to other resources.
- EWeb pages are only ever written in HTML.
12.Which of the following best describes the relationship between the World Wide Web and the Internet?
Medium
- AThey are exactly the same thing.
- BThe Internet is a service that runs on the Web.
- CThe Web is a service that runs on the Internet.
- DThey are completely unrelated.
13.Which of the following are features of Tim Berners-Lee's original design for the Web? (select all that apply)
Hard
- ASupport for links between multiple databases on independent computers
- BSimultaneous access by many users from any computer on the Internet
- CA centralised control system for creating links
- DSupport for other media besides text, such as graphics, speech, and video
- ELinks that could only refer to static documents
14.Match each historical development to its description.
Medium
- Mosaic
- Netscape Navigator
- Internet Explorer
- HTML5
- A graphical browser that could display inline images and submit forms
- A browser that introduced Java and JavaScript to the Web
- A browser that became dominant for 14 years after being bundled with Windows
- A version of HTML developed by WHATWG and later adopted by W3C
15.Put the following events in the correct chronological order.
Medium
- Tim Berners-Lee submits his proposal to CERN
- The Web is opened to the public
- Netscape Navigator is released
- The W3C is founded
16.A student is studying the growth of the early Web. Between August 1991 and 1993, about 50 websites existed. If the number of websites grew at a constant rate of 25 websites per year from 1991 to 1993, how many websites would there be in 1993?
Medium
- A50
- B75
- C100
- D125
17.A web server hosts 3 websites. Each website has 10 web pages. If each web page has an average of 5 hyperlinks, how many hyperlinks are there in total across all websites?
Hard
- A50
- B150
- C300
- D500
18.The World Wide Web was opened to the public in 1993.
Easy
True or false?
19.Which of the following is a key difference between the Internet and the World Wide Web?
Medium
- AThe Internet is a network of networks, while the Web is a service that runs on it.
- BThe Web is a network of networks, while the Internet is a service that runs on it.
- CThey are exactly the same thing.
- DThe Internet was invented after the Web.
20.Match each term to its correct description.
Medium
- URL
- HTML
- HTTP
- Web server
- Protocol for transferring web pages
- A character string identifying a resource
- A program that provides web pages to clients
- Markup language for formatting web pages
21.According to the source, which of the following are features of Tim Berners-Lee's original design for the Web? (select all that apply)
Medium
- ADecentralised system
- BCentral control over links
- CSupport for graphics, speech, and video
- DLinks that can refer to mutable data files
- EUse of a tree structure for organisation
22.Which protocol is used to transfer web pages over the Internet?
Medium
- AHTTP
- BFTP
- CSMTP
- DTCP/IP
23.Which of the following are components of a search engine's operation? (select all that apply)
Medium
- ACrawling
- BIndexing
- CRanking
- DRendering
- EBookmarking
24.The World Wide Web was invented by Tim Berners-Lee while working at CERN.
Easy
True or false?
25.What does HTTP stand for?
Easy
- AHyperText Transfer Protocol
- BHyperText Transmission Protocol
- CHigh Transfer Text Protocol
- DHyperText Transfer Process
26.A website is a single web page.
Easy
True or false?
27.Which of the following is the character string used to identify and locate resources on the Web?
Easy
- AURL
- BHTTP
- CHTML
- DWWW
28.A single web server can host multiple websites.
Easy
True or false?
29.Which markup language is used to format web pages?
Easy
- AHTML
- BHTTP
- CXML
- DJavaScript
30.The World Wide Web was opened to the public in 1991.
Easy
True or false?
31.Which of the following is a characteristic of Tim Berners-Lee's original design for the Web?
Medium
- ACentralised control of links
- BOnly text-based content
- CDecentralised system without central control
- DUse of a tree structure for organising documents
32.Search engines display web pages in the order they were created.
Medium
True or false?
33.Match each web-related term to its correct description.
Easy
- URL
- HTML
- HTTP
- Web server
- A character string that identifies and locates a resource
- A markup language used to format web pages
- A protocol used to transfer web pages
- A computer that stores and serves web pages
34.Arrange the following events in the correct chronological order, starting with the earliest.
Medium
- Tim Berners-Lee submits his proposal for the Web
- The first version of HTTP is defined
- The Web is opened to the public
- The Mosaic browser is released
35.Put the following steps in the correct order for how a search engine works.
Medium
- Crawlers discover and fetch web pages
- The pages' content is indexed
- The index is searched for matching keywords
- Results are ranked by relevance
36.Which of the following best explains why the Web is described as a 'universal linked information system'?
Medium
- AIt uses a single central server to store all information.
- BIt allows documents to be linked in unconstrained ways through hyperlinks.
- CIt only supports text documents.
- DIt requires a special browser to access each type of document.
37.Put the following events in the correct chronological order, starting with the earliest.
Hard
- Tim Berners-Lee submits his proposal to CERN
- The first version of the HTTP protocol is defined
- The Web is released to the whole Internet
- CERN makes the Web protocol and code available royalty-free
- The Mosaic web browser is released
38.A student wants to access a web page on a server. Which of the following is the correct order of steps that occur?
Medium
- ABrowser sends request to server using HTTP, server responds with HTML, browser renders the page
- BServer sends HTML to browser, browser sends request, server renders the page
- CBrowser sends request via FTP, server responds with HTML, browser renders the page
- DBrowser renders the page, server sends request, browser sends HTML
39.Which of the following are reasons why Tim Berners-Lee rejected the tree structure approach for organising documents? (select all that apply)
Hard
- ATree structures are difficult to update when documents change.
- BTree structures require a central authority to maintain the hierarchy.
- CTree structures do not allow links between documents in different branches.
- DTree structures are too slow for large organisations.
- ETree structures rely on tagging files with keywords.
40.A student claims that the World Wide Web and the Internet are the same thing. Which statement best corrects this misconception?
Challenge
- AThe Web is a service that runs on the Internet, which is the underlying network of connected computers.
- BThe Internet is a service that runs on the Web, which is the underlying network of connected computers.
- CThe Web and the Internet are two different names for the same network of computers.
- DThe Web is a collection of web pages, while the Internet is a collection of web servers.
41.Complete the sentence with the correct term.
Easy
The World Wide Web was invented by ____ in 1989.
42.What is the name of the protocol used to transfer information on the Web?
Easy
43.What term describes the practice of following hyperlinks across multiple websites?
Medium
44.Complete the sentence about how web pages are formatted.
Medium
The original and still very common document type on the Web is a web page formatted in ____.
45.What is the name of the practice of following hyperlinks across multiple websites?
Medium
46.In what year was the Web opened to the public?
Easy
47.Tim Berners-Lee submitted his proposal for the Web in March 1989. He had a working system implemented by the end of 1990. How many months did it take from proposal to working system?
Medium
48.What does the acronym URL stand for?
Medium
49.A web server hosts 4 websites. Each website has 15 web pages. Each web page has 10 hyperlinks. If a user clicks one hyperlink per page, how many hyperlinks will they click in total if they visit every page on all websites?
Hard
50.In what year was the World Wide Web opened to the public?
Easy
51.Complete the sentence about the Web's protocol.
Easy
The Web uses the ____ protocol to transfer information over the Internet.
52.What is the name of the character string used to identify and locate resources on the Web?
Easy
53.Explain why the Web is considered a 'universal linked information system' and how this design differs from earlier approaches like tree structures or keyword tagging.
Hard
54.Explain why Tim Berners-Lee rejected the tree structure approach for organising documents and instead chose a hypertext model.
Hard
55.Explain why the Web is described as a 'universal linked information system' and how this design differs from earlier approaches like tree structures or keyword tagging.
Hard
56.In what year was the Web opened to the public?
Easy
- A2391
- B1993
- C2192
- D1794
57.Tim Berners-Lee submitted his proposal for the Web in March 1989. He had a working system implemented by the end of 1990. How many months did it take from proposal to working system?
Medium
- A23 months
- B19 months
- C25 months
- D21 months
58.A web server hosts 4 websites. Each website has 15 web pages. Each web page has 10 hyperlinks. If a user clicks one hyperlink per page, how many hyperlinks will they click in total if they visit every page on all websites?
Hard
- A720 hyperlinks
- B660 hyperlinks
- C540 hyperlinks
- D600 hyperlinks
59.In what year was the World Wide Web opened to the public?
Easy
- A1794
- B1993
- C2192
- D2391

復習ノート

## The World Wide Web: Websites, Browsers and Search Engines ### The Web vs the Internet - The **Internet** is the global network of interconnected computers. - The **World Wide Web** (WWW, W3, or simply the Web) is a service that runs on the internet, enabling access to documents and other resources via **HTTP**. ### Key Components - **Web pages**: Documents formatted in **HTML** (Hypertext Markup Language), which can contain text, images, video, audio, and scripts. - **Hyperlinks**: Embedded URLs that allow immediate access to other web resources; following them is called **web surfing**. - **Websites**: Collections of web resources with a common theme and usually a common domain name. A single server can host multiple websites; popular sites may use multiple servers. - **Web servers**: Computers that store and serve web content. - **Web browsers**: Programs (e.g., Chrome, Firefox) used to access and display web pages. - **URLs** (Uniform Resource Locators): Character strings that identify and locate resources on the web. ### How the Web Works - Information is transferred using **HTTP** (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). - Web pages can be static or dynamic; **web applications** are pages that function as application software. ### History and Inventor - Invented by **Tim Berners-Lee** at CERN in 1989; opened to the public in 1993. - He envisioned a "universal linked information system" and made it **decentralised**. - Key milestones: first browser (WorldWideWeb), first server, HTML, HTTP, and URL syntax. - CERN released the protocol and code royalty-free in 1993, enabling widespread use. - The **Mosaic** browser (1993) popularised the web; **Netscape** and **Internet Explorer** followed. ### Search Engines (implied) - Search engines help users find information on the web by **crawling**, **indexing**, and **ranking** pages. - They use automated programs (crawlers) to discover pages, index their content, and rank results based on relevance and other factors. ### Key Terms - **HTTP**: Protocol for transferring web pages. - **HTML**: Markup language for creating web pages. - **URL**: Address of a web resource. - **Hyperlink**: Clickable link to another resource. - **Web server**: Computer that delivers web pages. - **Web browser**: Software to access the web. - **Crawling**: Process of discovering web pages. - **Indexing**: Storing and organising web content for search. - **Ranking**: Ordering search results by relevance.

World Wide Web: A global interconnected information system that enables content sharing over the Internet, using HTTP to transfer documents and other resources.
Internet: The global network of interconnected computers that carries data, including the web.
HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol; the rules for transferring web pages and other resources over the internet.
HTML: Hypertext Markup Language; the standard markup language for creating web pages, supporting text, images, video, audio, and scripts.
URL: Uniform Resource Locator; a character string that identifies and locates a resource on the web.
Hyperlink: An embedded URL in a web page that provides immediate access to another web resource.
Web server: A computer that stores and serves web content to clients (browsers).
Web browser: A program used to access and display web pages, such as Chrome, Firefox, or Safari.
Website: A collection of web resources with a common theme and usually a common domain name.
Web application: A web page that functions as application software, allowing user interaction.
Search engine: A tool that helps users find information on the web by crawling, indexing, and ranking pages.
Crawling: The process by which search engines automatically discover and scan web pages.
Indexing: The process of storing and organising web content to enable fast and relevant search results.
Ranking: The ordering of search results by relevance and other factors.

フラッシュカード

What is the World Wide Web?

The World Wide Web is a global interconnected information system that enables content sharing over the Internet, using HTTP to access documents and other web resources.

Who invented the World Wide Web and when?

Tim Berners-Lee, an English computer scientist, invented the Web at CERN in 1989. It was opened to the public in 1993.

What is the relationship between the Internet and the Web?

The Internet is the physical network of computers; the Web is a service that runs on the Internet, using HTTP to share documents and resources.

What does URL stand for and what is it?

URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator. It is a character string that identifies and locates servers and resources on the World Wide Web.

What is a web page?

A web page is a document formatted in HTML that can contain text, images, video, audio, and scripts, and is accessed via a browser.

What is HTML?

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the markup language used to create web pages, supporting text, media, and hyperlinks.

What is a hyperlink?

A hyperlink is an embedded URL in a web page that provides immediate access to another web resource, enabling navigation.

What is a web browser?

A web browser is a program used to access and display web pages from the Internet, such as Chrome, Firefox, or Safari.

What is a web server?

A web server is a computer that stores web pages and delivers them to browsers over the Internet using HTTP.

What is a website?

A website is a collection of web resources with a common theme and usually a common domain name, served by one or more web servers.

What is web surfing?

Web surfing is the practice of following hyperlinks across multiple websites to navigate the Web.

What is a web application?

A web application is a web page that functions as application software, providing interactive features to users.

How do search engines work?

Search engines crawl the web, index pages, and rank them based on relevance and other factors to return results for queries.

What is crawling in search engines?

Crawling is the process where search engines use automated programs (bots) to discover and fetch web pages by following links.

What is indexing in search engines?

Indexing is storing and organizing the content of crawled web pages in a searchable database for quick retrieval.

What is ranking in search engines?

Ranking is the process of ordering search results by relevance and importance using algorithms, so the most useful pages appear first.

What is HTTP?

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the protocol used to transfer information on the Web between servers and browsers.

When was the Web opened to the public?

The Web was opened to the public in 1993, after CERN made the protocol and code available royalty-free.

What was the first web browser?

The first web browser was called WorldWideWeb, created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990.

What is the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)?

The W3C is an organization founded by Tim Berners-Lee that develops standards for the Web, such as HTML and XML.

What is the difference between a web page and a website?

A web page is a single document, while a website is a collection of related web pages and resources under a common domain.

What is a domain name?

A domain name is a human-readable address (like example.com) that identifies a website on the Internet.

What is the role of a search engine?

A search engine helps users find information on the Web by crawling, indexing, and ranking pages based on queries.

What is the Web 2.0 revolution?

Web 2.0 refers to the shift to interactive and dynamic web applications, enabled by technologies like Ajax, leading to user-generated content and social media.

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