Coordination Response And Homeostasis

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수업 노트

Mammalian Nervous System

The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS) (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) (all nerves).
It allows us to sense and respond to the environment and coordinate body functions.
Information is transmitted as nerve impulses (electrical signals) along neurones; a bundle of neurones is a nerve.

The mammalian nervous system

Types of Neurones

Sensory neurones carry impulses from sense organs to the CNS.
Relay neurones (in the CNS) connect sensory and motor neurones.
Motor neurones carry impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles or glands).
Neurones have a long axon insulated by a myelin sheath with nodes of Ranvier; impulses jump between nodes for rapid transmission.
Cell bodies have dendrites that connect to many other neurones.

The three types of neurone

The Reflex Arc

A reflex action is an automatic, rapid, protective response that does not involve the brain.
Pathway: stimulus → receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone (in spinal cord) → motor neurone → effector → response.
Example: touching a sharp object causes pain receptors to send impulses via sensory neurone to spinal cord; relay neurone passes impulse to motor neurone; muscle contracts to withdraw foot.

A reflex arc

Sense Organs

Receptors are groups of specialised cells that detect stimuli and generate electrical impulses.
Sense organs contain receptors that respond to specific stimuli (e.g., eyes to light, ears to sound).
Impulses from sense organs travel via sensory neurones to the CNS, which coordinates a response via motor neurones to effectors.

Sense organs and their receptors

Hormones in Humans

A hormone is a chemical substance produced by a gland, carried by the blood, that alters the activity of target organs.
The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
Insulin (from pancreas) lowers blood glucose by converting glucose to glycogen in liver and muscles.
Glucagon (from pancreas) raises blood glucose by converting glycogen to glucose.
Adrenaline (from adrenal glands) prepares the body for 'fight or flight': increases blood glucose, heart rate, breathing rate, diverts blood to muscles, dilates pupils.

The major endocrine glands in the body

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant internal environment.
Negative feedback reverses changes from the set point: if a level rises, mechanisms reduce it; if it falls, mechanisms raise it.
Blood glucose is controlled by negative feedback involving insulin and glucagon.

The negative feedback cycle

Homeostasis & Temperature Control

Body temperature is maintained at about 37°C by the skin and brain.
The brain contains receptors sensitive to blood temperature; skin has temperature receptors that send impulses to the brain.
When hot: vasodilation of skin arterioles increases heat loss; sweating cools the body via evaporation.
When cold: vasoconstriction reduces heat loss; shivering generates heat; erector pili muscles raise hairs (ineffective in humans).
Fatty tissue under the dermis provides insulation.

A cross-section of human skin

슬라이드

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연습 문제

무료 미리 보기 — 56개 중 8개 문제. 가입하면 전부 볼 수 있어요.

1.Complete the sentence.
Easy
The human nervous system consists of the central nervous system (CNS) and the ____ nervous system.
2.Which type of neurone carries impulses from sense organs to the central nervous system?
Easy
- ASensory neurone
- BRelay neurone
- CMotor neurone
- DInterneurone
3.Name the part of a neurone that is insulated by a fatty sheath and carries electrical impulses.
Easy
4.A reflex action involves the brain as the coordinator.
Easy
True or false?
5.Place the following events in a reflex arc in the correct order.
Medium
- Impulse travels along sensory neurone to spinal cord
- Stimulus detected by receptor
- Effector produces response
- Impulse passes to relay neurone then motor neurone
6.Name the hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose concentration.
Easy
7.What is the optimum temperature for human enzyme activity in degrees Celsius?
Easy
- A41
- B45
- C33
- D37
8.Which of the following is NOT an effect of adrenaline?
Medium
- AIncreased blood glucose concentration
- BDecreased pulse rate
- CDilated pupils
- DDiverted blood flow to muscles

더 많은 문제

9.Complete the sentence.
Easy
In negative feedback, if the level of something rises, control systems are switched on to ____ it.
10.Match each hormone to its function.
Medium
- Insulin
- Glucagon
- Adrenaline
- Lowers blood glucose
- Raises blood glucose
- Prepares body for fight or flight
11.Name the structure in the skin that contains temperature receptors and sends impulses to the brain.
Easy
12.In a motor neurone, what is the name of the fatty layer that insulates the axon in sections, with small gaps (nodes of Ranvier) between them?
Easy
- AAxon
- BDendrite
- CCell body
- DMyelin sheath
13.What is the main function of the central nervous system (CNS)?
Easy
- ATo carry nerve impulses to effectors
- BTo coordinate and regulate body functions
- CTo detect changes in the environment
- DTo produce hormones
14.Which type of neurone carries impulses from the CNS to effectors?
Easy
- ASensory neurone
- BRelay neurone
- CMotor neurone
- DInterneurone
15.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a reflex action?
Medium
- AAutomatic
- BFast
- CInvolves conscious thought
- DProtective
16.Which of the following are effects of adrenaline? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AIncrease in blood glucose concentration
- BDecrease in pulse rate
- CDilation of pupils
- DIncreased breathing rate
- EIncreased blood flow to the alimentary canal
17.Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant external environment.
Easy
True or false?
18.Match each type of neurone to its correct function.
Medium
- Sensory neurone
- Relay neurone
- Motor neurone
- Carries impulses from CNS to effectors
- Carries impulses from sense organs to CNS
- Connects sensory and motor neurones inside CNS
19.Arrange the following events in a reflex arc in the correct order, starting with the stimulus.
Medium
- Motor neurone carries impulse to effector
- Sensory neurone sends impulse to spinal cord
- Receptor detects stimulus
- Relay neurone passes impulse to motor neurone
- Effector produces response
20.Which structure in the skin contains temperature receptors and sends impulses to the brain?
Easy
- AEpidermis
- BDermis
- CSweat gland
- DHair follicle
21.Which of the following are characteristics of a reflex action? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AAutomatic
- BSlow
- CInvoluntary
- DProtective
22.A student measures the reaction time of three participants using a ruler drop test. The distances the ruler fell before being caught are: Participant A: 15 cm, Participant B: 20 cm, Participant C: 25 cm. Which participant has the fastest reaction time?
Medium
- AParticipant A
- BParticipant B
- CParticipant C
- DAll have the same reaction time
23.Which of the following are effects of adrenaline on the body? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AIncreased blood glucose concentration
- BDecreased heart rate
- CDilation of pupils
- DIncreased breathing rate
- EReduced blood flow to muscles
24.A reflex action does NOT involve which of the following?
Medium
- AThe brain as coordinator
- BA receptor
- CA sensory neurone
- DAn effector
25.Glucagon is a hormone that lowers blood glucose concentration.
Easy
True or false?
26.In a motor neurone, what is the name of the long fibre, insulated by a fatty myelin sheath, that carries the electrical impulse away from the cell body?
Easy
- AAxon
- BDendrite
- CCell body
- DNucleus
27.Which part of the nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord?
Easy
- ACentral nervous system
- BPeripheral nervous system
- CAutonomic nervous system
- DSomatic nervous system
28.A reflex action is a voluntary, slow response that involves the brain as the coordinator.
Easy
True or false?
29.Which of the following is the correct order of structures involved in a reflex arc?
Easy
- AReceptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector
- BEffector → motor neurone → relay neurone → sensory neurone → receptor
- CReceptor → motor neurone → relay neurone → sensory neurone → effector
- DSensory neurone → receptor → relay neurone → motor neurone → effector
30.A student is investigating the effect of temperature on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction. Which piece of laboratory equipment is most suitable for maintaining a constant temperature of 37°C?
Easy
- AWater bath
- BBunsen burner
- CThermometer
- DIce bath
31.Arrange the following events in the control of blood glucose when it falls too low, starting with the detection of low glucose.
Medium
- Pancreas secretes glucagon
- Liver converts glycogen to glucose
- Blood glucose concentration returns to normal
- Cells in pancreas detect low blood glucose
- Glucose is released into the blood
32.A student set up an experiment to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction. They used a water bath set to 37°C. What is the most important reason for using a water bath rather than a Bunsen burner?
Easy
- ATo maintain a constant temperature
- BTo heat the mixture more quickly
- CTo prevent evaporation of the solution
- DTo allow the mixture to be stirred easily
33.Which of the following is NOT an effect of adrenaline on the body?
Easy
- AIncreases blood glucose concentration
- BIncreases pulse rate
- CDecreases breathing rate
- DDilates pupils
34.A student measures the reaction time of three participants using a ruler drop test. The distances the ruler fell before being caught are: Participant A: 15 cm, Participant B: 20 cm, Participant C: 12 cm. Using the equation distance = (1/2)gt² (with g = 10 m/s²), what is the reaction time of Participant B?
Medium
- A0.10 s
- B0.14 s
- C0.20 s
- D0.28 s
35.The graph shows the effect of temperature on the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction in the human body. At which temperature does the rate become zero due to enzyme denaturation?
Easy
- A20°C
- B37°C
- C45°C
- D60°C
36.A student investigates the effect of temperature on the time taken for a starch solution to be digested by amylase. At 20°C, the starch is digested in 10 minutes. At 40°C, the starch is digested in 3 minutes. Which conclusion is most likely correct?
Medium
- AThe enzyme is denatured at 40°C.
- BIncreasing temperature increases the rate of reaction up to an optimum.
- CThe reaction is faster at 20°C because the enzyme has more energy.
- DThe optimum temperature for amylase is 20°C.
37.In a reflex arc, the relay neurone is located in the grey matter of the spinal cord.
Easy
True or false?
38.Arrange the following events in the control of blood glucose when it rises too high, starting with the detection of high glucose.
Medium
- Pancreas secretes insulin
- Blood glucose concentration returns to normal
- Liver and muscles take up glucose and store it as glycogen
- Pancreas detects high blood glucose
39.In an experiment to investigate the effect of temperature on an enzyme-controlled reaction, a student uses a water bath set to 37°C. What is the most important reason for using a water bath?
Easy
- ATo prevent the reaction mixture from evaporating
- BTo maintain a constant temperature throughout the experiment
- CTo speed up the reaction by providing heat
- DTo ensure the enzyme does not denature
40.Which part of the human nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord?
Easy
- APeripheral nervous system
- BCentral nervous system
- CAutonomic nervous system
- DSomatic nervous system
41.Place the following events in a reflex arc in the correct order, starting with the stimulus.
Medium
- Impulse travels along sensory neurone to spinal cord
- Effector (muscle) contracts and moves foot away
- Receptor detects stimulus (e.g., pin prick)
- Impulse passes to relay neurone then motor neurone
- Motor neurone carries impulse to effector
42.Match each part of the nervous system to its correct description.
Medium
- Central nervous system
- Peripheral nervous system
- Sensory neurone
- Motor neurone
- Carries impulses from sense organs to CNS
- Carries impulses from CNS to effectors
- Brain and spinal cord
- All nerves in the body
43.Place the following events in the control of blood glucose when it rises too high, starting with the detection of high glucose.
Medium
- Pancreas secretes insulin
- Blood glucose concentration decreases to normal
- Cells in pancreas detect high blood glucose
- Liver and muscles take up glucose and store as glycogen
- Pancreas stops secreting insulin
44.Which type of neurone is found entirely within the central nervous system and connects sensory and motor neurones?
Easy
- ASensory neurone
- BRelay neurone
- CMotor neurone
- DPeripheral neurone
45.Complete the sentence about homeostasis.
Easy
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant ____ environment.
46.Complete the sentence about the nervous system.
Easy
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the ____ and the ____.
47.A person's blood glucose concentration rises from 5.0 mmol/dm³ to 8.0 mmol/dm³ after a meal. The pancreas secretes insulin to bring it back to normal. If insulin reduces the glucose concentration by 0.5 mmol/dm³ per minute, how many minutes will it take to return to 5.0 mmol/dm³?
Medium
48.What is the normal human body temperature in degrees Celsius?
Easy
49.Complete the sentence about neurones.
Easy
The three main types of neurone are ____, ____, and ____.
50.A person's blood glucose concentration is 5.0 mmol/dm³. After a meal it rises to 8.0 mmol/dm³. By how much (in mmol/dm³) does insulin reduce the blood glucose concentration to return it to normal?
Easy
51.Name the hormone produced by the adrenal glands that prepares the body for 'fight or flight'.
Easy
52.Describe how the skin helps to cool the body when the temperature rises above 37°C.
Medium
53.Explain how negative feedback controls blood glucose concentration when it falls too low.
Hard
54.A person's blood glucose concentration rises from 5.0 mmol/dm³ to 8.0 mmol/dm³ after a meal. The pancreas secretes insulin to bring it back to normal. If insulin reduces the glucose concentration by 0.5 mmol/dm³ per minute, how many minutes will it take to return to 5.0 mmol/dm³?
Medium
- A8 minutes
- B7 minutes
- C5 minutes
- D6 minutes
55.What is the normal human body temperature in degrees Celsius?
Easy
- A45 °C
- B37 °C
- C33 °C
- D41 °C
56.A person's blood glucose concentration is 5.0 mmol/dm³. After a meal it rises to 8.0 mmol/dm³. By how much (in mmol/dm³) does insulin reduce the blood glucose concentration to return it to normal?
Easy
- A2 mmol/dm³
- B3 mmol/dm³
- C5 mmol/dm³
- D4 mmol/dm³

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