Kinetic Particle Model Of Matter

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수업 노트

States of Matter

Solids: definite shape and volume; cannot flow; not compressible.
Liquids: no definite shape but definite volume; can flow; not compressible.
Gases: no definite shape or volume; can flow; highly compressible.
Changes of state are physical changes – mass and number of molecules remain constant; only energy changes.
Melting: solid → liquid. Freezing: liquid → solid.
Boiling/evaporating: liquid → gas. Condensing: gas → liquid.

The three states of matter in terms of shape and volume

Molecular Matter – Particle Arrangement & Motion

In solids: particles are close together in a regular pattern; they vibrate about fixed positions.
In liquids: particles are close together but randomly arranged; they slide past each other.
In gases: particles are widely separated (~10× further apart); they move randomly at high speeds.
Density: high in solids, medium in liquids, low in gases.
Energy: lowest in solids, greater in liquids, highest in gases.
Intermolecular forces (Extended): strong in solids (fixed shape), weaker in liquids (can flow), negligible in gases (free motion).

Solid, liquid and gas particle model diagrams

Particle Model of Gases

Gas particles are in constant random motion, colliding with each other and container walls.
Pressure is caused by collisions of particles with the walls – force per unit area: p = \frac{F}{A} .
Higher temperature → particles move faster → more frequent/harder collisions → higher pressure.
At constant temperature, compressing a gas (decreasing volume) increases pressure; expanding decreases pressure.
Boyle's Law (Extended): For fixed mass at constant temperature, p \propto \frac{1}{V} or pV = \text{constant} .

Gas particles colliding with a wall, causing pressure

Brownian Motion

Brownian motion: random, erratic motion of microscopic particles (e.g., pollen, smoke) suspended in a fluid.
First observed by Robert Brown (pollen grains in water).
Caused by collisions with smaller, fast-moving molecules (atoms/molecules of the fluid) that are too small to see.
The visible particles change speed/direction randomly each time they are struck – evidence for the kinetic theory of matter.

Illustration of Brownian motion with large particles being collided by smaller, faster-moving particles.

Gases & Absolute Temperature

Absolute zero = −273 °C (0 K) – lowest possible temperature; particles have minimum kinetic energy.
Kelvin scale: T(\text{K}) = \θ(\degree\text{C}) + 273 , \θ(\degree\text{C}) = T(\text{K}) - 273 .
An increase of 1 K equals an increase of 1 °C.
At constant volume, pressure is directly proportional to absolute temperature (in K).
Pressure–temperature graph is a straight line through the origin (when temperature in K).

Conversion chart relating the temperature on the Kelvin and Celsius scales

Gas Laws – Pressure & Volume (Extended)

Boyle's Law: For a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature, p₁ V₁ = p₂ V₂ .
Pressure and volume are inversely proportional: halving volume doubles pressure.
Graph of p vs V is a hyperbola (curve tending towards axes).
When gas is compressed, molecules hit walls more often → greater net force → higher pressure.

An experiment demonstrating Boyle's Law, showing a balloon's volume increasing as the surrounding air pressure decreases inside a bell jar.

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연습 문제

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1.Which of the following best describes the arrangement and motion of particles in a solid?
Easy
- AParticles are close together in a regular pattern and vibrate about fixed positions.
- BParticles are close together in a random arrangement and can slide past each other.
- CParticles are far apart and move randomly at high speeds.
- DParticles are close together in a regular pattern and move freely.
2.A liquid has no definite shape but has a definite volume. Which property of liquids explains this?
Easy
- AParticles are far apart and move randomly.
- BParticles are close together but can slide past each other.
- CParticles are in fixed positions and vibrate.
- DParticles are widely separated and compressible.
3.A sealed piston is used to expand a gas at constant temperature. No gas escapes. What happens to the density and pressure of the gas?
Medium
- ADensity increases, pressure increases.
- BDensity decreases, pressure decreases.
- CDensity stays the same, pressure decreases.
- DDensity decreases, pressure stays the same.
4.Which change of state involves particles moving much closer together but continuing to travel throughout the substance?
Medium
- AMelting
- BFreezing
- CBoiling
- DCondensing
5.A sealed rigid container of fixed volume is filled with air and placed in a freezer. The temperature of the air decreases. Which row correctly describes the changes?
Medium
- AAverage distance between particles: decreases; Average speed: decreases
- BAverage distance between particles: no change; Average speed: decreases
- CAverage distance between particles: increases; Average speed: decreases
- DAverage distance between particles: no change; Average speed: increases
6.A balloon is filled with air and tied closed. It is placed in a refrigerator. As the temperature decreases, what happens to the average speed of the air molecules and the pressure inside the balloon?
Medium
- AAverage speed decreases, pressure decreases.
- BAverage speed decreases, pressure stays the same.
- CAverage speed stays the same, pressure decreases.
- DAverage speed increases, pressure decreases.
7.Brownian motion is observed when smoke particles are viewed through a microscope. What causes the smoke particles to move randomly?
Easy
- AThe smoke particles are attracted to each other.
- BThe smoke particles vibrate because they are warm.
- CSmaller air particles collide with the smoke particles.
- DThe microscope vibrates slightly.
8.A gas is heated in a closed container of constant volume. What happens to the particles of the gas?
Easy
- AThey expand.
- BThey get closer together.
- CThey hit the container walls with less force.
- DThey move faster.

더 많은 문제

9.Which row gives the correct relative separation of particles for gas, liquid, and solid?
Easy
- AGas: far apart, Liquid: far apart, Solid: far apart
- BGas: far apart, Liquid: far apart, Solid: close together
- CGas: far apart, Liquid: close together, Solid: close together
- DGas: close together, Liquid: close together, Solid: far apart
10.A car tyre is inflated with air. As the car drives, the temperature of the tyre increases, causing the pressure of the air inside to increase. Which is a correct explanation?
Medium
- AThe mass of air inside the tyre has increased.
- BThe area of the tyre has decreased, thus increasing the pressure.
- CThe air molecules collide with each other less frequently.
- DThe average kinetic energy of the air molecules has increased.
11.A fixed mass of gas at constant temperature is compressed to half its original volume. What is the new pressure if the original pressure was P?
Medium
- AP/2
- BP
- C2P
- D4P
12.Which statement about absolute zero is correct?
Easy
- AAbsolute zero is 0°C.
- BAt absolute zero, particles have maximum kinetic energy.
- CAbsolute zero is -273°C.
- DAbsolute zero is 273 K.
13.A fixed mass of gas is trapped in a cylinder with a movable piston. The gas is compressed slowly so that its temperature remains constant. The volume decreases from 200 cm³ to 100 cm³. If the initial pressure was 150 kPa, what is the final pressure?
Medium
- A75 kPa
- B150 kPa
- C300 kPa
- D450 kPa
14.A sealed container of fixed volume is filled with air at 20 °C. The container is heated until the temperature reaches 100 °C. What happens to the pressure of the air?
Medium
- AIt decreases.
- BIt stays the same.
- CIt increases.
- DIt becomes zero.
15.A gas is at a pressure of 2.0 × 10⁵ Pa and a temperature of 27 °C. What is the temperature in kelvin?
Easy
- A27 K
- B246 K
- C300 K
- D327 K
16.The diagram shows particles in three states of matter. Which state has particles that are close together and arranged in a regular pattern, vibrating about fixed positions?
Easy
- ASolid
- BLiquid
- CGas
- DPlasma
17.Which change of state occurs when a gas turns into a liquid?
Easy
- AMelting
- BFreezing
- CBoiling
- DCondensing
18.A fixed mass of gas occupies a volume of 5.0 m³ at a pressure of 1.0 × 10⁵ Pa. The gas is compressed at constant temperature until its volume is 2.0 m³. What is the new pressure?
Medium
- A2.5 × 10⁴ Pa
- B4.0 × 10⁴ Pa
- C2.5 × 10⁵ Pa
- D4.0 × 10⁵ Pa
19.A student observes smoke particles through a microscope. The smoke particles move randomly. What is the cause of this motion?
Easy
- AThe smoke particles are attracted to each other.
- BThe smoke particles are vibrating because they are warm.
- CSmaller air particles are colliding with the smoke particles.
- DThe microscope is vibrating slightly.
20.A sealed plastic bottle contains air at room temperature. It is placed in a freezer. What happens to the average speed of the air molecules and the pressure inside the bottle?
Medium
- AAverage speed decreases, pressure decreases.
- BAverage speed decreases, pressure increases.
- CAverage speed increases, pressure decreases.
- DAverage speed increases, pressure increases.
21.Which property is correct for a liquid?
Easy
- AIt has a definite shape.
- BIt cannot flow.
- CIt has a definite volume.
- DIt is easily compressed.
22.A gas at a pressure of 300 kPa and temperature 27 °C is heated at constant volume until its pressure reaches 400 kPa. What is the new temperature in °C?
Hard
- A36 °C
- B127 °C
- C227 °C
- D400 °C
23.What is absolute zero in degrees Celsius?
Easy
- A0 °C
- B-100 °C
- C-273 °C
- D273 °C
24.The diagram shows a sealed piston containing a gas. The piston is pushed in, reducing the volume of the gas. The temperature remains constant. What happens to the number of collisions per second between gas particles and the walls?
Medium
- AIt decreases.
- BIt stays the same.
- CIt increases.
- DIt becomes zero.
25.A student uses a microscope to observe smoke particles in air. The smoke particles are seen to move randomly. Which statement correctly explains this motion?
Easy
- AThe smoke particles are hit by fast-moving air molecules.
- BThe smoke particles repel each other electrically.
- CThe smoke particles are moved by convection currents in the air.
- DThe smoke particles vibrate because they are warm.
26.A gas at a pressure of 200 kPa and temperature 27 °C is heated at constant volume until its pressure reaches 300 kPa. What is the new temperature in °C?
Hard
- A177 °C
- B127 °C
- C150 °C
- D400 °C
27.In an experiment to investigate Boyle's law, a student traps a fixed mass of gas in a syringe and measures the pressure for different volumes at constant temperature. Which graph shows the expected relationship between pressure (p) and volume (V)?
Medium
- Aa curve that slopes downward, decreasing steeply at first then more gradually
- Ba straight line through the origin sloping upward
- Ca straight line with negative gradient, not through the origin
- Da horizontal line
28.A student investigates Brownian motion using pollen grains in water. Which of the following statements about the observation is correct?
Medium
- AThe pollen grains are moved by collisions with water molecules.
- BThe water molecules are moved by collisions with pollen grains.
- CThe pollen grains are moved by convection currents in the water.
- DThe pollen grains are all moving in the same direction.
29.A fixed mass of gas occupies a volume of 6.0 m³ at a pressure of 2.0 × 10⁵ Pa. The gas is compressed at constant temperature until its volume is 3.0 m³. What is the new pressure?
Medium
- A4.0 × 10⁵ Pa
- B1.0 × 10⁵ Pa
- C3.0 × 10⁵ Pa
- D6.0 × 10⁵ Pa
30.A gas is heated in a closed container of constant volume. The pressure increases. Which statement correctly explains this in terms of the particle model?
Medium
- AThe particles gain kinetic energy, hit the walls more often and with greater force.
- BThe particles expand, taking up more space and pushing against the walls.
- CThe number of particles increases, causing more collisions.
- DThe particles become heavier, increasing the force of collisions.
31.Which state of matter has a definite shape and a definite volume?
Easy
- ASolid
- BLiquid
- CGas
- DPlasma
32.What is the name of the change of state when a liquid turns into a gas?
Easy
- AMelting
- BFreezing
- CCondensing
- DBoiling
33.In which state of matter do particles vibrate about fixed positions?
Easy
- ASolid
- BLiquid
- CGas
- DBoth solid and liquid
34.A fixed mass of gas is trapped in a cylinder with a movable piston. The gas is compressed slowly so that its temperature remains constant. Which row correctly describes the changes in the average distance between particles and the pressure?
Medium
- AAverage distance decreases, pressure increases
- BAverage distance decreases, pressure decreases
- CAverage distance increases, pressure increases
- DAverage distance increases, pressure decreases
35.Which of the following is a property of a gas?
Easy
- ADefinite shape and definite volume
- BDefinite volume but no definite shape
- CNo definite shape and no fixed volume
- DDefinite shape but no definite volume
36.Which change of state occurs when a solid turns into a liquid?
Easy
- AFreezing
- BMelting
- CBoiling
- DCondensing
37.In a liquid, the particles are arranged in a regular pattern.
Easy
True or false?
38.What causes the pressure exerted by a gas on the walls of its container?
Easy
- AThe weight of the gas particles
- BThe collisions of gas particles with the walls
- CThe attractive forces between gas particles
- DThe size of the gas particles
39.Arrange the three states of matter in order of increasing particle energy (lowest first).
Easy
- Gas
- Solid
- Liquid
40.Match each state of matter to its description of particle motion.
Easy
- Solid
- Liquid
- Gas
- Vibrate about fixed positions
- Slide past each other
- Move quickly in all directions
41.Brownian motion is the random movement of large particles caused by collisions with smaller, invisible particles.
Easy
True or false?
42.A fixed mass of gas is compressed at constant temperature. What happens to the pressure of the gas?
Easy
- AIt decreases
- BIt increases
- CIt stays the same
- DIt becomes zero
43.Which of the following correctly describes the arrangement and motion of particles in a gas?
Easy
- AClosely packed in a regular pattern, vibrating about fixed positions
- BClose together but randomly arranged, sliding past each other
- CWidely separated, moving randomly at high speeds
- DWidely separated, vibrating about fixed positions
44.A sealed container of fixed volume contains a gas. The temperature of the gas is increased. Which statement about the pressure is correct?
Medium
- AThe pressure decreases because the particles move slower
- BThe pressure increases because the particles collide with the walls more often
- CThe pressure stays the same because the volume is fixed
- DThe pressure increases because the number of particles increases
45.Complete the sentence.
Easy
The temperature at which all particles are stationary is called ____.
46.Convert 100 °C to kelvin.
Easy
47.State one factor that affects the pressure of a gas in a sealed container of fixed volume.
Easy
48.A fixed mass of gas at constant temperature has an initial volume of 4.0 m³ and pressure of 1.0 × 10⁵ Pa. If the volume is decreased to 2.0 m³, what is the new pressure?
Medium
49.Explain why a gas exerts pressure on the walls of its container.
Medium
50.Convert 100 °C to kelvin.
Easy
- A373 K
- B336 K
- C447 K
- D410 K
51.A fixed mass of gas at constant temperature has an initial volume of 4.0 m³ and pressure of 1.0 × 10⁵ Pa. If the volume is decreased to 2.0 m³, what is the new pressure?
Medium
- A240000 Pa
- B180000 Pa
- C200000 Pa
- D220000 Pa

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