Artificial Intelligence

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Notes

What is Artificial Intelligence?

**Artificial Intelligence (AI)** is a machine that can simulate intelligent behaviours similar to a human.
AI systems can **learn** (acquire new information), **decide** (analyse and make choices), and **act autonomously** (take actions without human input).
**Weak AI (narrow AI)** is designed to perform a specific task or set of tasks.
**Strong AI (AGI)** is designed to perform any intellectual task that a human can do.

Characteristics of AI

AI systems require **collection of data** – large amounts of data to perform tasks.
They have **rules for using data** – data is processed using rules or algorithms to make decisions and predictions.
They have the **ability to reason** – use logical reasoning to evaluate information and make decisions.
AI can **change its own rules and data** based on learning.

Advantages and Disadvantages of AI

Advantages: **increased efficiency**, **increased accuracy**, **scalability**.
Disadvantages: **job losses**, potential for **biased decision making**, **ethical concerns** over its use.

Expert Systems

An **expert system** mimics human knowledge and experience to solve problems or answer questions.
Examples: equipment troubleshooting, technical support, medical diagnosis.
Four key components: **knowledge base** (database of facts), **rule base** (set of rules/logic), **inference engine** (applies rules to facts), **interface** (user interaction).
Advantages: consistent results, faster responses, can store large amounts of data, unbiased.
Disadvantages: only as good as the data entered, responses lack human emotion, requires training to use correctly.

Machine Learning

**Machine learning (ML)** is a method to achieve AI by giving a machine data so it can **learn over time**.
Uses **algorithms** to analyse data and identify patterns or relationships.
Advantages: reduces manual work, detects patterns and makes predictions more accurately than humans in many cases, continuously improves performance.
Disadvantages: needs vast amounts of quality data, requires high processing power and resources.

Worked Example: Characteristics of AI

Collects data.
Stores rules for using the data.
Ability to reason.
Ability to learn (uses machine learning) by adapting from mistakes, changing its own rules/data, or being trained.
Makes predictions to make decisions.
Finds/analyses patterns.

The four key components of an expert system: knowledge base, rule base, inference engine, and interface.

Machine learning: data is fed into an algorithm to produce a trained model.

Practice questions

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1.What is artificial intelligence (AI)?
Easy
- AA machine that can simulate intelligent behaviours similar to a human
- BA robot that can perform physical tasks
- CA computer program that can only perform calculations
- DA system that can only store data
2.Which of the following is a characteristic of AI?
Easy
- ACollection of data
- BAbility to store data only
- CAbility to perform physical tasks
- DAbility to communicate with humans
3.What is the difference between weak AI and strong AI?
Medium
- AWeak AI is designed for specific tasks; strong AI can perform any intellectual task a human can
- BWeak AI can perform any task; strong AI is limited to specific tasks
- CWeak AI has human-like consciousness; strong AI does not
- DWeak AI is used in robots; strong AI is used in software
4.Which component of an expert system stores facts used to generate rules?
Medium
- AKnowledge base
- BRule base
- CInference engine
- DInterface
5.In an expert system, which component applies rules to facts to solve problems?
Medium
- AInference engine
- BKnowledge base
- CRule base
- DInterface
6.Which of the following is an advantage of expert systems?
Hard
- AConsistent results
- BRequires training to use correctly
- CResponses can be cold and lack human emotion
- DOnly as good as the data entered
7.What is machine learning?
Easy
- AA method that helps achieve AI by giving a machine data to learn over time
- BA type of AI that can perform any task
- CA system that stores data without processing
- DA method that replaces AI
8.Which of the following is a disadvantage of machine learning?
Hard
- ARequires vast amounts of quality data to perform well
- BReduces the need for manual work
- CCan detect patterns more accurately than humans
- DContinuously improves performance

More questions

9.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of AI?
Medium
- AAbility to perform physical tasks
- BCollection of data
- CRules for using data
- DAbility to reason
10.Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between machine learning and AI?
Hard
- AMachine learning is a method used to train AI systems
- BMachine learning and AI are completely separate fields
- CAI is a subset of machine learning
- DMachine learning replaces AI in modern systems
11.What is an advantage of AI?
Medium
- AIncreased efficiency
- BJob losses
- CPotential for biased decision making
- DEthical concerns over its use
12.Which of the following is an example of an expert system?
Hard
- AMedical diagnosis system
- BA simple calculator
- CA word processor
- DA web browser
13.A hospital uses an AI system to diagnose diseases from medical images. The system was trained on thousands of labelled X-ray images. Which characteristic of AI is demonstrated by the system's ability to improve its accuracy as it processes more images?
Medium
- ACollection of data
- BRules for using data
- CAbility to reason
- DAbility to learn
14.An AI system is trained to play chess. It uses algorithms to evaluate millions of possible moves per second and selects the move with the highest probability of winning. This system is best described as:
Hard
- AWeak AI because it is limited to playing chess
- BStrong AI because it can play chess at a high level
- CWeak AI because it can learn from its mistakes
- DStrong AI because it uses reasoning to make decisions
15.Which component of an expert system contains the set of logical rules used to solve problems?
Easy
- AKnowledge base
- BRule base
- CInference engine
- DInterface
16.An AI system is used to predict customer purchasing behaviour. It analyses past purchase data and identifies patterns to make recommendations. This is an example of:
Medium
- AAn expert system
- BMachine learning
- CStrong AI
- DA rule-based system
17.A self-driving car uses AI to navigate roads. It collects data from sensors, processes it using algorithms, and makes decisions such as when to brake. Which of the following is a disadvantage of using AI in this context?
Hard
- AIncreased efficiency
- BPotential for biased decision making
- CConsistent responses
- DAbility to operate without human input
18.In an expert system for diagnosing plant diseases, the inference engine:
Medium
- AStores facts about plant diseases
- BContains rules such as 'if leaves are yellow, then check for nitrogen deficiency'
- CApplies the rules to the facts to produce a diagnosis
- DProvides a user interface for entering symptoms
19.A company uses an AI system to filter spam emails. The system is trained on thousands of examples of spam and non-spam emails. Over time, it becomes more accurate at identifying spam. This is an example of:
Medium
- AAn expert system
- BMachine learning
- CStrong AI
- DA knowledge base
20.An AI-powered chatbot is designed to answer customer queries. It uses natural language processing to understand questions and retrieve answers from a database. Which of the following best describes a limitation of this system?
Hard
- AIt can handle multiple queries simultaneously
- BIt provides consistent answers
- CIt may not understand unusual phrasing or slang
- DIt can operate 24/7 without breaks
21.Which of the following is an advantage of using an expert system?
Easy
- AIt can provide unbiased decisions
- BIt can feel human emotions
- CIt requires no training to use
- DIt can solve any problem without data
22.An AI system is used to recommend movies based on a user's viewing history. It compares the user's past choices with those of similar users to predict what they might like. This approach is an example of:
Medium
- ARule-based reasoning
- BMachine learning using pattern recognition
- CAn expert system
- DStrong AI
23.A bank uses an AI system to approve loan applications. The system was trained on historical data that included biased lending practices. As a result, the system denies loans to certain demographic groups more often. This is an example of:
Hard
- AIncreased efficiency
- BScalability
- CPotential for biased decision making
- DAbility to reason
24.Which of the following is a method used to train an AI system by providing data so that it improves its accuracy over time?
Medium
- AExpert system
- BMachine learning
- CKnowledge base
- DInference engine
25.Which component of an expert system stores facts that are used to generate rules?
Easy
- ARule base
- BInference engine
- CKnowledge base
- DInterface
26.A medical expert system is used to diagnose diseases. A doctor enters symptoms, and the system outputs a diagnosis. Which sequence correctly describes the process?
Hard
- AInterface → inference engine → knowledge base → rule base
- BInterface → knowledge base → rule base → inference engine
- CKnowledge base → rule base → inference engine → interface
- DInterface → inference engine → rule base → knowledge base
27.Which of the following is a characteristic of artificial intelligence?
Medium
- AIt can only perform tasks it has been explicitly programmed to do
- BIt can change its own rules and data based on experience
- CIt requires human intervention for every decision
- DIt cannot reason or make predictions
28.An AI system is trained to recognise spam emails. It is given thousands of examples of spam and non-spam emails and learns to filter new emails. This is an example of:
Medium
- AAn expert system
- BMachine learning
- CA rule-based system
- DNatural language processing
29.Which of the following is a disadvantage of using an expert system for medical diagnosis?
Hard
- AIt can provide faster responses than a human doctor
- BIt gives consistent results every time
- CIt may lack human emotion in its responses
- DIt can store large amounts of medical data
30.What is the main purpose of the inference engine in an expert system?
Easy
- ATo store facts and data
- BTo allow the user to interact with the system
- CTo apply rules to facts to solve problems
- DTo hold the set of logical rules
31.A company uses an AI system to predict customer buying behaviour. The system analyses past purchase data and identifies patterns to make recommendations. This is an example of:
Medium
- AAn expert system
- BMachine learning
- CA knowledge base
- DAn interface
32.Which of the following best describes the relationship between machine learning and artificial intelligence?
Hard
- AMachine learning and artificial intelligence are the same thing
- BMachine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence
- CArtificial intelligence is a subset of machine learning
- DThey are completely separate fields
33.Which of the following is an advantage of artificial intelligence?
Easy
- AIt can lead to job losses
- BIt can make biased decisions
- CIt increases efficiency
- DIt raises ethical concerns
34.An AI system is used to recommend movies based on a user's viewing history. It compares the user's past choices with those of similar users to predict what they might like. This is an example of:
Medium
- AAn expert system
- BMachine learning
- CA rule base
- DAn inference engine
35.A bank uses an AI system to approve loan applications. The system was trained on historical data that included biased lending practices. As a result, the system may:
Hard
- AMake faster decisions than human loan officers
- BMake unbiased decisions because it is a computer
- CPerpetuate and amplify existing biases in its decisions
- DBe unable to process large amounts of data
36.What is the name for an AI system that is designed to perform a specific task, such as playing chess or filtering spam?
Easy
- AWeak AI
- BStrong AI
- CGeneral AI
- DSuper AI
37.In an expert system, which component stores facts that are used to generate rules?
Medium
- AKnowledge base
- BRule base
- CInference engine
- DInterface
38.Which of the following is a disadvantage of expert systems?
Medium
- AThey can store large amounts of data
- BThey provide consistent results
- CThey require training to use correctly
- DThey are unbiased
39.Which of the following statements about machine learning is correct?
Hard
- AMachine learning is completely separate from artificial intelligence.
- BMachine learning is a method used to achieve artificial intelligence.
- CMachine learning is another term for an expert system.
- DMachine learning does not require any data to function.
40.What is the name for an AI system that can perform any intellectual task that a human can do?
Easy
- AWeak AI
- BNarrow AI
- CStrong AI
- DLimited AI

Slides

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a machine that can simulate intelligent behaviours similar to that of a human.
AI systems can learn (acquire new information), decide (analyse and make choices), and act autonomously (take actions without human input).
There are two main types: Weak AI (narrow AI) designed for specific tasks, and Strong AI (AGI) designed to perform any intellectual task a human can do.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an AI system?

Collection of data
Rules for using data
Ability to reason
Ability to feel emotions

Advantages and Disadvantages of AI

Advantages: increased efficiency, increased accuracy, scalability.
Disadvantages: job losses, potential for biased decision making, ethical concerns over its use.

Which of these are advantages of AI?

Increased efficiency
Job losses
Increased accuracy
Ethical concerns

Characteristics of AI

AI systems share three common characteristics: collection of data, rules for using data, and ability to reason.
They can change their own rules and data based on learning.

AI systems require large amounts of ____ to perform tasks.

Expert Systems

An expert system mimics human knowledge and experience to solve problems or answer questions.
Examples: equipment troubleshooting, technical support, medical diagnosis.
Four key components: knowledge base, rule base, inference engine, interface.

Which component of an expert system applies rules to facts to solve problems?

Knowledge base
Rule base
Inference engine
Interface

Advantages and Disadvantages of Expert Systems

Advantages: consistent results, faster responses, can store large amounts of data, unbiased.
Disadvantages: only as good as the data entered, responses can lack human emotion, requires training to use correctly.

Which of these are disadvantages of expert systems?

Consistent results
Only as good as the data entered
Faster responses
Requires training to use correctly

Machine Learning

Machine learning (ML) is a method used to achieve AI by giving a machine data so it can 'learn over time'.
ML uses algorithms to analyse data and identify patterns or relationships.
It continuously improves performance as it processes more data.

Machine learning is best described as:

A separate field from AI
A method used to train AI systems using data
A type of expert system
A programming language

Advantages and Disadvantages of Machine Learning

Advantages: reduces manual work, detects patterns accurately, continuously improves.
Disadvantages: needs vast amounts of quality data, requires high processing power and resources.

Machine learning requires vast amounts of ____ data to perform well.

Worked Example: Characteristics of AI

In the exam, describe AI as a system that collects data, stores rules for using data, and has the ability to reason.
Also mention ability to learn (e.g., by adapting from mistakes) and make predictions.

Which of the following is a characteristic of AI?

It can only perform one task
It can change its own rules
It requires human input for every decision
It cannot learn from data

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