Human Impact: Biodiversity, Pollution & Conservation

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Ensuring Food Supply

Intensive food production uses modern technology to produce food more efficiently on finite land.
Agricultural machinery enables farming of larger areas, replacing human labour.
Chemical fertilisers increase soil nutrient availability, boosting plant growth and yield.
Insecticides kill pests that damage crops; herbicides remove competing weeds.
Selective breeding produces high-yielding crop varieties and livestock breeds.
Intensive livestock farming reduces energy loss by keeping animals in small spaces, feeding high-energy food, using antibiotics, and maintaining warm temperatures.
Advantages: less land needed, year-round production, lower costs. Disadvantages: ethical concerns, habitat destruction, reduced biodiversity, methane emissions, water pollution from waste.

Modern intensive agricultural technology

Monocultures

Monoculture is growing only one crop species over a large area (e.g., palm oil plantations).
Advantages: specialised machinery, optimised conditions, higher yields.
Disadvantages: reduces biodiversity – few herbivore species can feed, so few predators survive.
Pest populations increase due to abundant food; repeated insecticide use leads to pesticide resistance and kills non-target insects.

Palm oil production as a monoculture

The Importance of Biodiversity

Biodiversity is the number of different species in an area; high biodiversity is needed for stable ecosystems.
Human activities, especially habitat destruction, reduce biodiversity.
Habitat destruction is driven by the increasing human population needing space for agriculture, housing, and industry.
Destruction of habitats interrupts food chains and webs, causing further species loss.

Deforestation

Deforestation is large-scale clearing of trees, often for cattle grazing, monocultures, or building.
If trees are replanted, it can be sustainable; otherwise, it causes severe environmental harm.
Undesirable effects: extinction of species, loss of soil (erosion), flooding, and increased CO₂ in the atmosphere.

Water Pollution

Water pollutants include untreated sewage, excess fertilisers, and industrial/agricultural chemicals.
Untreated sewage increases bacteria, which deplete oxygen, killing aquatic life (eutrophication).
Excess fertiliser runoff causes algal blooms that block sunlight; plants die, decomposers use up oxygen, leading to fish kills.
Other sources: oil spills, toxic chemicals from industry, and plastic waste.

Sequence of events causing eutrophication

Other Pollution

Plastic pollution: non-biodegradable; animals ingest or become entangled; toxins enter food chains; on land, landfills release toxins into soil.
Air pollution: methane (from cattle, rice paddies, landfills) and carbon dioxide (from burning fossil fuels/deforestation) are greenhouse gases.
Increased greenhouse gases cause global warming and climate change; melting permafrost releases more methane.

The greenhouse effect and enhanced greenhouse effect

Sustainability

A sustainable resource is produced as fast as it is used, so it does not run out.
Fossil fuels are non-renewable; we must reduce use and find alternatives.
Recycling paper, plastic, glass, and metal reduces waste and raw material demand.
Sustainable forestry: replant trees, use certification schemes (e.g., Forestry Stewardship Council), educate consumers.
Sustainable fishing: quotas, size limits, seasonal bans, restocking, and consumer education.

Sustainable forest management

Endangered Species & Conservation

An endangered species is at risk of extinction due to hunting, climate change, pollution, habitat loss, or invasive species.
Conservation measures: education programmes, captive breeding, legal protection of species and habitats, seed banks for plants.
Captive breeding can use artificial insemination (AI) to transport sperm between zoos, and in vitro fertilisation (IVF) to maintain genetic diversity.
Low genetic variation makes a species more vulnerable to environmental change and extinction.

Reasons for Conservation

Conservation maintains biodiversity for stable ecosystems, reduces extinction, and protects vulnerable habitats.
It maintains ecosystem functions like nutrient cycling (e.g., carbon cycle).
Provides resources: food, drugs (plant-based remedies), fuel, and genes for wide gene pools.
Moral, cultural, and scientific reasons: preserving species for future generations and potential discoveries.

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1.Which of the following is a greenhouse gas released by cattle farming?
Easy
- AMethane
- BOxygen
- CNitrogen
- DHydrogen
2.What is the definition of biodiversity?
Easy
- AThe number of different species in a particular area
- BThe total number of organisms in an ecosystem
- CThe variety of genes within a population
- DThe range of different habitats in a region
3.Which of the following is an undesirable effect of deforestation?
Easy
- AIncrease in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
- BDecrease in soil erosion
- CIncrease in biodiversity
- DDecrease in flooding
4.Which method is used to conserve endangered plant species by storing seeds?
Easy
- ASeed banks
- BCaptive breeding
- CArtificial insemination
- DIn vitro fertilisation
5.In eutrophication, what causes the decrease in dissolved oxygen in water?
Medium
- ADecomposing bacteria respiring aerobically
- BAlgae producing oxygen during photosynthesis
- CFish consuming oxygen
- DFertilisers directly reacting with water
6.Which of the following is a sustainable resource?
Easy
- AWood from replanted forests
- BCoal
- COil
- DNatural gas
7.Which of the following is a reason for conserving biodiversity?
Easy
- ATo maintain nutrient cycles
- BTo increase the rate of extinction
- CTo reduce the number of species
- DTo decrease ecosystem stability
8.Why does a monoculture increase pest populations?
Medium
- AIt provides a continuous food supply for the pest
- BIt reduces the number of predators
- CIt increases genetic diversity of the crop
- DIt eliminates all other plant species

Thêm câu hỏi

9.Which of the following is a negative impact of plastic pollution in marine habitats?
Easy
- AAnimals ingest plastic particles
- BPlastic decomposes quickly
- CPlastic increases oxygen levels
- DPlastic provides food for fish
10.What is the advantage of using artificial insemination in captive breeding programmes?
Easy
- ASperm can be transported between zoos without moving animals
- BIt increases the number of offspring per pregnancy
- CIt eliminates the need for female animals
- DIt guarantees the survival of all offspring
11.Which of the following is used to improve crop yields by providing nutrients?
Easy
- AFertiliser
- BHerbicide
- CInsecticide
- DPesticide
12.Which of the following is a consequence of habitat destruction?
Easy
- AInterruption of food chains
- BIncrease in biodiversity
- CDecrease in carbon dioxide levels
- DImprovement in soil quality
13.In a lake, excess fertiliser runoff causes an algal bloom. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in eutrophication?
Medium
- AAlgal bloom → plants die → bacteria increase → oxygen decreases → fish die
- BAlgal bloom → oxygen decreases → plants die → bacteria increase → fish die
- COxygen decreases → algal bloom → plants die → bacteria increase → fish die
- DPlants die → algal bloom → bacteria increase → oxygen decreases → fish die
14.A farmer uses a monoculture of wheat for several years. Which of the following is the most likely long-term consequence?
Medium
- AIncreased biodiversity in the soil
- BDecreased pest populations due to lack of food variety
- CIncreased risk of pest outbreaks because pests have abundant food
- DImproved soil fertility due to the same crop being grown
15.Which of the following is a sustainable fishing practice?
Easy
- ACatching as many fish as possible each year
- BFishing only during the breeding season
- CUsing nets with a large mesh size to allow young fish to escape
- DRemoving all large fish to increase food for smaller fish
16.The diagram shows a food chain: grass → rabbit → fox. If the grass is sprayed with a persistent insecticide, where would the highest concentration of insecticide be found?
Medium
- AIn the grass
- BIn the rabbit
- CIn the fox
- DEvenly distributed among all organisms
17.In a captive breeding programme for an endangered frog species, scientists use in vitro fertilisation (IVF). What is the main advantage of IVF over natural mating in this context?
Medium
- AIt is cheaper and requires less equipment
- BIt allows gametes from different individuals to be combined without transporting the animals
- CIt guarantees that all offspring will be genetically identical
- DIt increases the number of offspring per female
18.A forest is managed sustainably. Which practice would help maintain biodiversity?
Medium
- AClear-cutting all trees at once
- BReplanting with a single fast-growing species
- CSelective logging and replanting with native species
- DBurning the forest to clear land for agriculture
19.A species of fish is overfished. Which of the following is a direct consequence of reduced population size?
Easy
- AIncreased genetic variation
- BGreater resilience to environmental change
- CReduced genetic variation and increased risk of extinction
- DHigher reproductive rate
20.Which of the following is an example of a non-renewable resource?
Easy
- AWood from sustainably managed forests
- BSolar energy
- CNatural gas
- DFish from a well-managed fishery
21.In an experiment to investigate the effect of fertiliser runoff on a pond ecosystem, a student adds a known amount of nitrate fertiliser to a sealed tank of pond water and measures the dissolved oxygen concentration daily for two weeks. Which of the following is the most likely pattern of results?
Medium
- ADissolved oxygen increases steadily over the two weeks.
- BDissolved oxygen decreases sharply after a few days, then remains low.
- CDissolved oxygen stays constant throughout the experiment.
- DDissolved oxygen fluctuates randomly with no clear trend.
22.A conservationist wants to maximise genetic diversity in a captive breeding programme for an endangered frog species. Which technique should they use?
Medium
- AAllow natural mating within a small captive population.
- BUse artificial insemination with sperm from a single male.
- CUse in vitro fertilisation (IVF) with gametes from many genetically diverse individuals.
- DClone individuals with desirable traits.
23.Which of the following is a sustainable method of managing fish stocks?
Easy
- AFishing without limits on catch size.
- BUsing large nets that catch all fish regardless of size.
- CSetting quotas on the number of fish that can be caught each year.
- DFishing only during the breeding season.
24.Which of the following is a greenhouse gas released by rice paddies?
Easy
- ACarbon dioxide
- BMethane
- COxygen
- DNitrogen
25.A farmer notices that after several years of using the same insecticide on a monoculture crop, the insect pest population returns to high levels despite continued spraying. Which of the following best explains this observation?
Hard
- AThe insecticide has become more concentrated in the environment.
- BThe pest insects have evolved resistance to the insecticide.
- CThe insecticide has killed all the predators of the pest.
- DThe crop variety has become more susceptible to the pest.
26.Which of the following is a method of conserving endangered plant species?
Easy
- ACaptive breeding programmes
- BSeed banks
- CArtificial insemination
- DIn vitro fertilisation
27.A student measures the dissolved oxygen in a river upstream and downstream of a point where untreated sewage enters. Which of the following results would be expected?
Medium
- AHigher oxygen downstream because sewage adds nutrients.
- BLower oxygen downstream because bacteria decompose sewage and use oxygen.
- CNo change in oxygen levels.
- DHigher oxygen downstream because sewage contains oxygen.
28.A farmer uses a monoculture of wheat. Which of the following is a likely consequence?
Easy
- AIncreased biodiversity of insects
- BDecreased pest populations
- CIncreased soil erosion
- DDecreased need for fertilisers
29.Which of the following is a non-renewable resource?
Easy
- AWood
- BFish
- CCoal
- DSolar energy
30.In a sustainable forest management plan, which of the following practices would help maintain biodiversity?
Medium
- AClear-cutting all trees in a large area and replanting with a single fast-growing species.
- BSelective logging of mature trees and allowing natural regeneration.
- CBurning the forest to clear undergrowth and then planting crops.
- DRemoving all dead wood to prevent disease.
31.Which of the following is the definition of biodiversity?
Easy
- AThe number of different species living in a particular area
- BThe total number of individuals of one species in an area
- CThe variety of habitats in an ecosystem
- DThe number of different ecosystems on Earth
32.What is the term for the process where excess fertiliser runoff causes algal blooms and subsequent oxygen depletion in water?
Easy
- AEutrophication
- BBioaccumulation
- CAcidification
- DDesalination
33.In eutrophication, what is the immediate cause of the decrease in dissolved oxygen in water?
Easy
- AIncreased respiration by decomposing bacteria
- BReduced photosynthesis by algae
- CIncreased respiration by fish
- DReduced oxygen solubility due to temperature
34.A student investigates the effect of untreated sewage on a river. She measures the dissolved oxygen (mg/dm³) at four points: upstream of the sewage outlet, at the outlet, and 1 km and 2 km downstream. Which set of results is most likely?
Medium
- AUpstream: 8.5, At outlet: 6.0, 1 km: 4.0, 2 km: 7.0
- BUpstream: 8.5, At outlet: 8.5, 1 km: 8.5, 2 km: 8.5
- CUpstream: 4.0, At outlet: 6.0, 1 km: 8.5, 2 km: 8.5
- DUpstream: 8.5, At outlet: 8.5, 1 km: 6.0, 2 km: 4.0
35.In a captive breeding programme for an endangered frog species, scientists use in vitro fertilisation (IVF). What is the main advantage of IVF over natural mating?
Medium
- AIt is cheaper than natural mating
- BIt allows gametes with known alleles to be used, maintaining genetic diversity
- CIt reduces the need for habitat conservation
- DIt produces more offspring per mating
36.A study measures the concentration of a pesticide in organisms from a food chain: algae → small fish → large fish → bird. Which organism is expected to have the highest concentration?
Easy
- AAlgae
- BSmall fish
- CLarge fish
- DBird
37.A student sets up two sealed tanks of pond water. Tank A receives a known amount of nitrate fertiliser. Tank B receives no fertiliser. After two weeks, the dissolved oxygen in Tank A is much lower than in Tank B. What is the most likely explanation?
Medium
- AThe fertiliser directly consumes oxygen from the water
- BThe fertiliser causes algal growth; when algae die, decomposers use up oxygen
- CThe fertiliser kills fish, and their decomposition uses oxygen
- DThe fertiliser reduces photosynthesis by blocking sunlight
38.A student investigates the effect of untreated sewage on a river. She measures the dissolved oxygen (mg/dm³) at four points: upstream of the sewage outlet, at the outlet, 1 km downstream, and 5 km downstream. Which of the following sets of results is most likely?
Medium
- Aupstream: 8, outlet: 2, 1 km: 4, 5 km: 7
- Bupstream: 8, outlet: 8, 1 km: 8, 5 km: 8
- Cupstream: 2, outlet: 8, 1 km: 6, 5 km: 4
- Dupstream: 8, outlet: 6, 1 km: 2, 5 km: 1
39.A study measures the concentration of a pesticide in organisms from a food chain: algae → small fish → large fish → bird. Which organism is expected to have the highest concentration of pesticide per unit mass?
Easy
- Aalgae
- Bsmall fish
- Clarge fish
- Dbird
40.In an experiment to investigate the effect of fertiliser runoff, a student adds a known amount of nitrate fertiliser to a sealed tank of pond water. After two weeks, the dissolved oxygen concentration decreases. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to this decrease?
Medium
- AAlgal bloom → death of algae → increased decomposer bacteria → oxygen depletion
- BAlgal bloom → increased photosynthesis → oxygen production → oxygen depletion
- CFertiliser kills fish directly → fish decomposition uses oxygen → oxygen depletion
- DFertiliser reacts with water to remove oxygen → oxygen depletion
41.Monoculture farming increases biodiversity.
Easy
True or false?
42.Plastic pollution is harmful because plastics are biodegradable.
Easy
True or false?
43.Match each pollutant with its primary source.
Medium
- Untreated sewage
- Excess fertiliser
- Methane
- Carbon dioxide
- Cattle farming
- Burning fossil fuels
- Lack of sewage treatment
- Runoff from farmland
44.Arrange the following events in the correct sequence for eutrophication caused by fertiliser runoff.
Medium
- Algal bloom blocks sunlight
- Decomposing bacteria increase and use up oxygen
- Fertiliser runoff enters water
- Water plants die due to lack of light
- Fish and other aquatic organisms die
45.Which of the following are advantages of intensive livestock farming? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- ALess land required to produce large amounts of food
- BFood can be produced all year round
- CReduced biodiversity
- DLower production costs
46.Which of the following are reasons for conserving biodiversity? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- ATo maintain nutrient cycles
- BTo increase the rate of extinction
- CTo provide potential sources of new drugs
- DTo protect food chains and ecosystems
47.Untreated sewage enters a river at one point. The table shows the dissolved oxygen concentration (mg/dm³) at four points along the river: | Point | Location | Dissolved oxygen (mg/dm³) | |---|---|---| | A | upstream of the outflow | 9.0 | | B | at the outflow | 4.5 | | C | 2 km downstream | 3.0 | | D | 5 km downstream | 7.5 | Which point is most likely to have the highest concentration of dissolved oxygen?
Medium
- APoint A (upstream of the outflow)
- BPoint B (at the outflow)
- CPoint C (2 km downstream)
- DPoint D (5 km downstream)
48.Which of the following are methods of controlling fishing to make it more sustainable? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- ASetting quotas on the number of fish caught each year
- BCatching fish of all sizes to maximise yield
- CRestocking waters with young fish
- DFishing during breeding seasons to catch more fish
- EEducating fishermen about sustainable practices
49.A student investigates the effect of untreated sewage on a river. She measures the dissolved oxygen (mg/dm³) at four points: upstream of the sewage outlet, at the outlet, and at two points downstream. Which set of results is most likely?
Medium
- AUpstream: 8, Outlet: 6, 1 km downstream: 4, 2 km downstream: 2
- BUpstream: 8, Outlet: 8, 1 km downstream: 8, 2 km downstream: 8
- CUpstream: 2, Outlet: 4, 1 km downstream: 6, 2 km downstream: 8
- DUpstream: 8, Outlet: 2, 1 km downstream: 4, 2 km downstream: 6
50.Which of the following are advantages of using artificial insemination (AI) in captive breeding programmes? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AIt allows sperm to be transported between zoos without moving animals.
- BIt increases the genetic diversity of the offspring.
- CIt eliminates the need for any male animals in the programme.
- DIt reduces the risk of injury during mating.
- EIt ensures that the offspring are always female.
51.Complete the sentence.
Easy
The process where excess fertiliser runoff causes algal blooms and subsequent oxygen depletion in water is called ____.
52.A forest is managed sustainably. If 1000 trees are harvested each year, how many trees must be planted each year to maintain the resource?
Easy
53.State one reason why high biodiversity is important for an ecosystem.
Easy
54.A forest is managed sustainably. If 500 trees are harvested each year, how many trees must be planted each year to maintain the resource?
Easy
55.A forest is managed sustainably. If 800 trees are harvested each year, how many trees must be planted each year to maintain the resource?
Easy
56.Complete the sentence about eutrophication.
Medium
Excess fertiliser runoff causes an ____ bloom, which blocks sunlight and leads to the death of aquatic plants. Decomposing bacteria then use up dissolved ____, causing the death of fish.
57.A sustainable forest is managed so that 800 trees are harvested each year. How many trees must be planted each year to maintain the resource?
Easy
58.Complete the following sentence about eutrophication.
Medium
When fertiliser runs off into a lake, it causes an increase in the growth of ____. This blocks sunlight, causing water plants to die. Decomposing bacteria then increase and use up the dissolved ____, leading to the death of fish.
59.Complete the following sentence.
Easy
A sustainable resource is one that is produced as ____ as it is removed from the environment.
60.State one undesirable effect of deforestation.
Easy
61.Explain how the use of artificial insemination (AI) in captive breeding programmes can help conserve endangered species.
Hard
62.A forest is managed sustainably. If 1000 trees are harvested each year, how many trees must be planted each year to maintain the resource?
Easy
- A1200 trees
- B900 trees
- C1100 trees
- D1000 trees
63.A forest is managed sustainably. If 500 trees are harvested each year, how many trees must be planted each year to maintain the resource?
Easy
- A600 trees
- B450 trees
- C500 trees
- D550 trees
64.A forest is managed sustainably. If 800 trees are harvested each year, how many trees must be planted each year to maintain the resource?
Easy
- A880 trees
- B960 trees
- C800 trees
- D720 trees
65.A sustainable forest is managed so that 800 trees are harvested each year. How many trees must be planted each year to maintain the resource?
Easy
- A800 trees
- B880 trees
- C720 trees
- D960 trees

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