Circulatory Systems Heart And Blood Vessels

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课程笔记

Circulatory System Overview

The circulatory system consists of blood vessels, a pump (heart), and valves to ensure one-way blood flow.
Fish have a two-chambered heart and a single circulation (blood passes through the heart once per circuit).
Mammals have a four-chambered heart and a double circulation (blood passes through the heart twice per circuit).
The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation).
The left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body (systemic circulation).
Double circulation allows blood pressure to be raised after the lungs, supplying cells with oxygen and glucose faster.

The double circulatory system

The Mammalian Heart

The heart is located in the chest; diagram left corresponds to the body's right side.
The septum separates the right and left sides of the heart.
The heart is made of cardiac muscle supplied with blood by the coronary arteries.
Atria receive blood; ventricles pump blood out.
Valves (tricuspid, bicuspid, semilunar) prevent backflow of blood.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood towards the heart.

Structure of the mammalian heart

Heart Function (Extended)

Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava.
Blood flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
The right ventricle pumps blood through the semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery (to lungs).
Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein.
Blood passes through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle.
The left ventricle (thicker wall) pumps blood through the aorta to the body.

The heart's valves and chambers

Monitoring Heart Activity

Heart activity can be monitored using an ECG, measuring pulse rate, or listening with a stethoscope.
Heart rate is measured in beats per minute (bpm).
During exercise, heart rate increases to deliver more oxygen and remove waste.
After exercise, heart rate remains elevated to repay oxygen debt and break down lactic acid.

Monitoring heart rate with an ECG

Coronary Heart Disease

Coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with blood.
Fatty deposits (plaques) can partially or completely block coronary arteries.
Partial blockage causes angina (chest pain); complete blockage leads to a heart attack.
Risk factors include smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, obesity, and lack of exercise.
Reducing risks: quit smoking, eat less animal fat, exercise regularly.

The coronary arteries

Blood Vessels: Arteries, Veins, Capillaries

Arteries carry blood away from the heart at high pressure; have thick muscular walls, elastic fibres, and a narrow lumen.
Veins carry blood towards the heart at low pressure; have thin walls, a large lumen, and valves to prevent backflow.
Capillaries have walls one cell thick and are 'leaky' to allow diffusion of substances.
Arteries divide into arterioles; veins receive blood from venules.

Comparing arteries and veins

Main Blood Vessels (Extended)

Pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs.
Aorta carries oxygenated blood from heart to body.
Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart.
Vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from body to heart.

The main blood vessels of the body

Components of Blood

Plasma transports carbon dioxide, nutrients, urea, hormones, and heat.
Red blood cells (no nucleus) contain haemoglobin to transport oxygen as oxyhaemoglobin.
White blood cells defend against infection: phagocytes engulf pathogens; lymphocytes produce antibodies.
Platelets are cell fragments involved in blood clotting and scab formation.

Composition of human blood

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练习题

免费预览——53 题中的 8 题。注册即可查看全部。

1.Which blood vessel carries blood away from the heart?
Easy
- AArtery
- BVein
- CCapillary
- DVenule
2.The pulmonary artery carries oxygenated blood.
Easy
True or false?
3.Name the structure that separates the right and left sides of the heart.
Easy
4.Which of the following is a risk factor for coronary heart disease?
Easy
- ARegular exercise
- BLow-fat diet
- CSmoking
- DLow blood pressure
5.Complete the sentence about blood flow through the heart.
Easy
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium via the ____.
6.Arrange the following structures in the order that blood flows through them after leaving the left ventricle: aorta, left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary vein.
Medium
- left ventricle
- aorta
- pulmonary vein
- left atrium
7.Why does the left ventricle have a thicker muscular wall than the right ventricle?
Medium
- AIt pumps blood to the lungs.
- BIt pumps blood to the whole body.
- CIt receives blood from the body.
- DIt has to overcome gravity.
8.Match each blood vessel with its correct description.
Medium
- Artery
- Vein
- Capillary
- Thick muscular walls
- Contains valves
- One cell thick walls

更多题目

9.What is the typical resting heart rate of a healthy adult in beats per minute?
Easy
- A72
- B86
- C65
- D79
10.Name the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
Easy
11.Which labelled structure in the diagram of blood vessels has the narrowest lumen?
Easy
- AArtery
- BVein
- CCapillary
- DArteriole
12.In the diagram of blood vessels, name the layer that is thickest in the artery.
Medium
13.What is the main function of the circulatory system?
Easy
- ATo transport oxygen, nutrients and waste products around the body
- BTo produce hormones
- CTo digest food
- DTo filter blood
14.Fish have a double circulatory system.
Easy
True or false?
15.Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?
Easy
- APulmonary artery
- BPulmonary vein
- CAorta
- DVena cava
16.Which of the following is a correct description of the left ventricle?
Easy
- AIt has a thicker muscular wall than the right ventricle
- BIt pumps blood to the lungs
- CIt receives deoxygenated blood
- DIt has the thinnest wall of all chambers
17.Capillaries have walls that are several cells thick.
Easy
True or false?
18.Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for coronary heart disease?
Easy
- ARegular exercise
- BSmoking
- CHigh blood pressure
- DDiet high in saturated fat
19.Which of the following are components of blood? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- ARed blood cells
- BWhite blood cells
- CPlatelets
- DPlasma
- EBone marrow
20.Arrange the following events in the correct order as blood flows through the heart: (1) blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava, (2) blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery, (3) blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, (4) blood returns from the lungs to the left atrium.
Medium
- Blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava
- Blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
- Blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery
- Blood returns from the lungs to the left atrium
21.Which of the following is an advantage of the double circulatory system in mammals over the single circulatory system in fish?
Hard
- ABlood flows more slowly through the body
- BBlood pressure is reduced after passing through the lungs
- CBlood is returned to the heart to be re-pressurised before being pumped to the body
- DOxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix in the heart
22.Arrange the following events in the correct order as blood flows through the heart from the vena cava to the aorta.
Hard
- Blood enters the right atrium via the vena cava
- Blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle
- Blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery
- Blood returns from the lungs to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein
- Blood passes through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle
- Blood is pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta
23.Fish have a single circulatory system with a two-chambered heart.
Easy
True or false?
24.Which of the following are risk factors for coronary heart disease? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- ASmoking
- BRegular exercise
- CDiet high in animal fats
- DHigh blood pressure
- ELow cholesterol levels
25.The diagram shows cross-sections of three types of blood vessel. Which vessel has walls that are one cell thick?
Easy
- AArtery
- BVein
- CCapillary
- DArteriole
26.The table shows a student's heart rate and breathing rate at rest and immediately after exercise. | | Heart rate (bpm) | Breathing rate (breaths/min) | |---|---|---| | At rest | 72 | 14 | | After exercise | 138 | 26 | Which row shows the most likely change after exercise?
Easy
- AHeart rate increases, breathing rate increases
- BHeart rate increases, breathing rate decreases
- CHeart rate decreases, breathing rate increases
- DHeart rate decreases, breathing rate decreases
27.In an experiment to investigate the effect of exercise on heart rate, a student measures their pulse rate at rest and then immediately after running for 2 minutes. Which of the following is the most important reason for measuring pulse rate immediately after exercise?
Medium
- ATo allow the heart rate to return to normal before measuring
- BTo capture the maximum heart rate achieved during exercise
- CTo avoid the effects of anaerobic respiration on heart rate
- DTo ensure the pulse rate is measured at a consistent time
28.Which of the following are adaptations of the mammalian heart for its function? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AThe left ventricle has a thicker muscular wall than the right ventricle
- BThe septum separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
- CValves prevent backflow of blood
- DThe heart is made of bone tissue for strength
- EThe coronary arteries supply the heart muscle with blood
29.The pulmonary artery carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
Easy
True or false?
30.Match each blood vessel to its correct description.
Easy
- Artery
- Vein
- Capillary
- Thick muscular walls, narrow lumen, carries blood away from heart
- Thin walls, large lumen, contains valves, carries blood towards heart
- Walls one cell thick, allows diffusion of substances
31.A student investigates the effect of different types of exercise on heart rate. They measure their resting heart rate, then do 2 minutes of walking, then 2 minutes of running, and then 2 minutes of star jumps. They record their heart rate immediately after each activity. Which graph would most likely show the results?
Medium
- AHeart rate increases progressively from walking to running to star jumps
- BHeart rate is highest for walking and decreases for running and star jumps
- CHeart rate is the same for all activities
- DHeart rate is highest for star jumps, lower for running, and lowest for walking
32.Arrange the following structures in the order that blood flows through them after leaving the right ventricle: aorta, left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein.
Medium
- pulmonary artery
- pulmonary vein
- left atrium
- left ventricle
- aorta
33.Which component of blood is responsible for transporting oxygen?
Easy
- ARed blood cells
- BWhite blood cells
- CPlatelets
- DPlasma
34.A student's heart rate rose during exercise and stayed above its resting value for several minutes after they stopped. Which statement best explains why the heart rate remains elevated for several minutes after exercise stops?
Medium
- ATo increase the rate of lactic acid breakdown in muscle cells
- BTo supply more oxygen to the muscles for aerobic respiration
- CTo remove carbon dioxide from the blood more quickly
- DTo increase blood pressure in the arteries
35.Arrange the following structures in the order that blood flows through them after leaving the right ventricle: aorta, left atrium, left ventricle, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, vena cava.
Medium
- Pulmonary artery
- Pulmonary vein
- Left atrium
- Left ventricle
- Aorta
- Vena cava
36.In an experiment to investigate the effect of exercise on heart rate, a student measures their pulse rate at rest, then after 2 minutes of running, and then every minute for 5 minutes after stopping. Which of the following best describes the expected pattern of results?
Medium
- AHeart rate increases during exercise and returns to resting rate immediately after stopping.
- BHeart rate increases during exercise and remains elevated for several minutes before gradually returning to resting rate.
- CHeart rate decreases during exercise and increases after stopping.
- DHeart rate stays the same during exercise and decreases after stopping.
37.A student plans to investigate the effect of different types of exercise on heart rate. They measure resting heart rate, then do 2 minutes of walking, then 2 minutes of jogging, then 2 minutes of running, recording heart rate immediately after each activity. Which of the following is a potential source of error in this method?
Medium
- AThe order of activities is not randomised, so the results may be affected by fatigue.
- BHeart rate should be measured during the activity, not after.
- CThe duration of each activity should be different.
- DResting heart rate should be measured after exercise.
38.The pulse rate measured at the wrist is the same as the heart rate.
Easy
True or false?
39.Which of the following are risk factors for coronary heart disease? Select all that apply.
Medium
- ASmoking
- BRegular exercise
- CHigh blood pressure
- DDiet high in animal fats
- ELow cholesterol levels
40.The diagram shows cross-sections of an artery and a vein. Which of the following correctly identifies a difference between them?
Easy
- AThe artery has a larger lumen than the vein.
- BThe vein has thicker muscular walls than the artery.
- CThe artery has a smaller lumen and thicker walls than the vein.
- DThe vein has a wider lumen than the artery but thicker walls.
41.Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
Easy
True or false?
42.Which of the following blood vessels carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?
Easy
- APulmonary artery
- BPulmonary vein
- CAorta
- DVena cava
43.Complete the sentence using the correct term.
Easy
Arteries carry blood ____ from the heart.
44.A person's resting heart rate is 70 beats per minute. During exercise, it increases to 140 beats per minute. What is the percentage increase in heart rate?
Easy
45.Explain why the left ventricle has a thicker muscular wall than the right ventricle.
Medium
46.A student's resting heart rate is 72 beats per minute. During exercise it increases to 126 beats per minute. Calculate the percentage increase in heart rate. Give your answer to the nearest whole number.
Medium
47.A student's resting heart rate is 68 beats per minute. After running for 5 minutes, their heart rate is 136 beats per minute. Calculate the percentage increase in heart rate.
Easy
48.Complete the following about the structure of the heart.
Medium
Name the chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the body: ____. Name the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle: ____.
49.Describe how the structure of capillaries is adapted to their function of exchanging substances with body cells.
Medium
50.Explain why the heart continues to beat faster for a while after exercise stops.
Medium
51.A person's resting heart rate is 70 beats per minute. During exercise, it increases to 140 beats per minute. What is the percentage increase in heart rate?
Easy
- A110 %
- B120 %
- C100 %
- D90 %
52.A student's resting heart rate is 72 beats per minute. During exercise it increases to 126 beats per minute. Calculate the percentage increase in heart rate. Give your answer to the nearest whole number.
Easy
- A67 %
- B75 %
- C91 %
- D83 %
53.A student's resting heart rate is 68 beats per minute. After running for 5 minutes, their heart rate is 136 beats per minute. Calculate the percentage increase in heart rate.
Easy
- A110 %
- B120 %
- C90 %
- D100 %

复习笔记

## Circulatory Systems: Heart & Blood Vessels ### Double Circulation (Mammals) - Mammals have a **four-chambered heart** and **double circulation**: blood passes through the heart twice per circuit. - **Right side**: receives deoxygenated blood from body → pumps to lungs (pulmonary circulation). - **Left side**: receives oxygenated blood from lungs → pumps to body (systemic circulation). - **Advantage**: blood pressure is raised again after lungs, ensuring efficient delivery of oxygen/glucose to cells. ### The Mammalian Heart - **Septum**: muscle wall separating left and right sides. - **Coronary arteries**: supply heart muscle with blood. - **Valves**: prevent backflow (atrioventricular and semilunar). - **Arteries** carry blood **away** from heart; **veins** carry blood **toward** heart. - **Pathway**: vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aorta → body. ### Monitoring Heart Activity - Heart rate measured in **beats per minute (bpm)** via pulse, ECG, or stethoscope. - **Effect of exercise**: heart rate increases, remains elevated after exercise to repay oxygen debt and remove waste. ### Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) - Caused by **plaque** (fatty deposits, mainly cholesterol) blocking coronary arteries. - **Partial blockage**: angina (chest pain). **Complete blockage**: heart attack. - **Risk factors**: smoking, poor diet (high animal fats), lack of exercise. - **Prevention**: quit smoking, eat fruits/vegetables, exercise regularly. ### Blood Vessels | Vessel | Structure | Function | | **Arteries** | Thick muscular/elastic walls, narrow lumen | Carry blood **away** from heart at **high pressure** | | **Veins** | Thin walls, large lumen, valves | Carry blood **toward** heart at **low pressure** | | **Capillaries** | Walls one cell thick, 'leaky' | Exchange of substances with tissues | - **Pulmonary artery**: heart → lungs (deoxygenated). **Aorta**: heart → body (oxygenated). - **Pulmonary vein**: lungs → heart (oxygenated). **Vena cava**: body → heart (deoxygenated). ### Components of Blood - **Plasma**: transports carbon dioxide, nutrients, urea, hormones, heat. - **Red blood cells**: transport oxygen as **oxyhaemoglobin**; no nucleus, concave disc shape. - **White blood cells**: defend against infection. - **Phagocytes**: engulf pathogens (phagocytosis); multi-lobed nucleus. - **Lymphocytes**: produce antibodies; large round nucleus. - **Platelets**: cell fragments involved in blood clotting and scab formation. ### Key Formulas - **Flow rate** = volume ÷ time (cm³/s) - **Volume of a cylinder** = πr²h (r = radius, h = height) ### Practical Tips - To measure heart rate after exercise: count pulse for 1 minute immediately after, then every minute until resting rate returns. - Control variables: same exercise duration, same recovery time. - To improve reliability: repeat trials and calculate mean. - **Percentage change** = (new value - original value) / original value × 100%.

Double circulation: A circulatory system where blood passes through the heart twice per complete circuit; found in mammals.
Septum: Muscle wall separating the left and right sides of the heart.
Coronary arteries: Arteries that supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood.
Plaque: Fatty deposit (mainly cholesterol) that can block coronary arteries, leading to coronary heart disease.
Angina: Chest pain caused by partial blockage of coronary arteries.
Heart attack: Occurs when a coronary artery is completely blocked, causing heart muscle cells to die.
Arteries: Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart at high pressure; have thick muscular walls and narrow lumen.
Veins: Blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart at low pressure; have thin walls, large lumen, and valves.
Capillaries: Tiny blood vessels with walls one cell thick that allow exchange of substances between blood and tissues.
Pulmonary artery: Artery carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
Aorta: Artery carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.
Pulmonary vein: Vein carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
Vena cava: Vein carrying deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart.
Plasma: Liquid component of blood that transports carbon dioxide, nutrients, urea, hormones, and heat.
Red blood cells: Blood cells that transport oxygen as oxyhaemoglobin; have no nucleus and a concave disc shape.
White blood cells: Blood cells that defend against infection; include phagocytes and lymphocytes.
Phagocytes: White blood cells that engulf and digest pathogens (phagocytosis); have multi-lobed nucleus.
Lymphocytes: White blood cells that produce antibodies and antitoxins; have large round nucleus.
Platelets: Cell fragments involved in blood clotting and scab formation.
Oxyhaemoglobin: The compound formed when oxygen binds to haemoglobin in red blood cells.

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