The Periodic Table And Trends

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The Periodic Table

Elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number.
Vertical columns are called groups; horizontal rows are called periods.
The period number indicates the number of electron shells an atom has.
The group number (1–7, plus Group 0) indicates the number of outer-shell electrons.
Group number helps determine the charge of ions: metals lose electrons (positive ions), non-metals gain electrons (negative ions).
For example, Group 1 metals form 1+ ions; Group 7 non-metals form 1− ions.

The Periodic Table: metals, non-metals, metalloids and liquids at room temperature

Periodic Trends in Metallic Character

Metallic character decreases from left to right across a period.
Metallic character increases down a group.
Metals are on the left of the Periodic Table; non-metals on the right.
Elements between metals and non-metals are called metalloids or semi-metals.
Metals have 1–3 outer electrons, form metallic bonds, conduct electricity, and produce basic oxides.
Non-metals have 4–7 outer electrons, form covalent bonds, are poor conductors, and produce acidic oxides.

The metal/non-metal divide, with basic and acidic oxide regions

Electronic Configuration and Position

Electronic configuration (e.g., 2,4 for carbon) shows the number of electrons in each shell.
The number of notations (shells) equals the period number.
The last notation (outer electrons) equals the group number.
Elements in the same group have the same number of outer electrons and similar chemical properties.
For example, lithium (2,1) and sodium (2,8,1) are both in Group 1 and react similarly.

Trends in Reactivity: Group 1 Metals (Extended)

Reactivity of Group 1 metals increases down the group.
Lithium reacts slowly with water, fizzing and moving on the surface.
Sodium reacts more vigorously, moving rapidly and dissolving quickly.
Potassium reacts even more vigorously, burning with a lilac flame.
Rubidium and caesium react explosively; francium is too reactive to predict.
The trend can be used to predict properties of other elements in the group.

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练习题

免费预览——56 题中的 8 题。注册即可查看全部。

1.Elements are arranged on the Periodic Table in order of increasing
Easy
- Aatomic mass
- Batomic number
- Cnumber of neutrons
- Dmass number
2.What is the name given to the vertical columns in the Periodic Table?
Easy
3.What is the name given to the horizontal rows in the Periodic Table?
Easy
4.How many electrons are in the outer shell of an element in Group 6?
Easy
- A7
- B6
- C5
- D8
5.Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties because they have the same number of outer shell electrons.
Easy
True or false?
6.Complete the sentence.
Easy
The metallic character of elements ____ as you move across a period from left to right.
7.Match each element to its electronic configuration.
Easy
- Sodium
- Chlorine
- Carbon
- 2,4
- 2,8,1
- 2,8,7
8.Arrange these Group 1 metals in order of increasing reactivity with water (least reactive first).
Easy
- sodium
- lithium
- potassium

更多题目

9.What is the charge on an ion formed by a Group 2 metal?
Easy
10.Which of the following is a property of non-metals?
Easy
- Agood conductors of electricity
- Bmalleable
- Cform basic oxides
- Dbrittle
11.Explain why reactivity increases down Group 1.
Hard
12.How are elements arranged on the Periodic Table?
Easy
- AIn order of increasing atomic number
- BIn order of increasing atomic mass
- CIn order of decreasing atomic number
- DAlphabetically
13.The period number of an element tells you how many outer electrons it has.
Easy
True or false?
14.An element has the electronic configuration 2,8,4. Which group is it in?
Easy
- AGroup 4
- BGroup 2
- CGroup 14
- DGroup 8
15.Non-metals are generally good conductors of electricity.
Easy
True or false?
16.Which of the following is a property of metals?
Easy
- AThey form acidic oxides
- BThey are brittle
- CThey are malleable
- DThey have low melting points
17.Arrange these elements in order of increasing metallic character (least metallic first).
Medium
- Silicon
- Aluminium
- Sulfur
- Sodium
18.Which of the following statements about Group 1 metals are correct? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AThey are called alkali metals
- BThey react with water to produce an alkaline solution and hydrogen
- CTheir reactivity decreases down the group
- DThey have one electron in their outer shell
19.Which of the following statements about the periodic table is correct?
Easy
- AElements are arranged in order of increasing atomic mass.
- BElements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number.
- CElements are arranged in order of increasing number of neutrons.
- DElements are arranged in order of increasing atomic radius.
20.Which of the following are properties of metals? (Select all that apply)
Easy
- AGood conductors of electricity
- BBrittle
- CMalleable
- DForm acidic oxides
- EHigh melting and boiling points
21.Elements in the same group of the periodic table have the same number of electron shells.
Easy
True or false?
22.An element has the electronic configuration 2,8,8,2. What is its group number?
Easy
- A2
- B3
- C8
- D10
23.Which of the following statements about the trend in reactivity of Group 1 metals are correct? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AReactivity increases down the group.
- BLithium reacts more vigorously than sodium with water.
- CPotassium burns with a lilac flame when reacted with water.
- DFrancium is predicted to be less reactive than lithium.
- EReactivity decreases down the group.
24.The table shows the melting points of elements in Group 1. Which trend is correct? | Element | Melting point (°C) | |---------|-------------------| | Li | 180 | | Na | 98 | | K | 63 | A. Melting point increases down the group. B. Melting point decreases down the group. C. Melting point stays the same down the group. D. Melting point first increases then decreases.
Medium
- AA. Melting point increases down the group.
- BB. Melting point decreases down the group.
- CC. Melting point stays the same down the group.
- DD. Melting point first increases then decreases.
25.An element has the electronic configuration 2,8,8,2. Which statement about this element is correct?
Easy
- AIt is a non-metal and forms an ion with charge 2-.
- BIt is a metal and forms an ion with charge 2+.
- CIt is a non-metal and forms an ion with charge 2+.
- DIt is a metal and forms an ion with charge 2-.
26.In the Periodic Table, elements in the same group have the same number of occupied electron shells.
Easy
True or false?
27.Which of the following are properties of non-metals? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AGood conductors of electricity
- BForm acidic oxides
- CMalleable
- DBrittle
- EHigh melting points
28.Match each element to its group number based on its electronic configuration.
Medium
- 2,8,6
- 2,8,8,1
- 2,8,18,7
- Group 1
- Group 6
- Group 7
29.Arrange the following Group 7 elements in order of increasing reactivity (least reactive first).
Easy
- Fluorine
- Chlorine
- Bromine
- Iodine
30.The table shows the atomic radii of some Group 1 elements. Which statement explains the trend? | Element | Atomic radius (pm) | |---------|-------------------| | Li | 152 | | Na | 186 | | K | 227 | A. The number of protons increases, pulling electrons closer. B. The number of electron shells increases, making atoms larger. C. The number of neutrons increases, adding mass. D. The number of outer electrons decreases.
Medium
- AA. The number of protons increases, pulling electrons closer.
- BB. The number of electron shells increases, making atoms larger.
- CC. The number of neutrons increases, adding mass.
- DD. The number of outer electrons decreases.
31.An element is in Period 3 and Group 2. What is its electronic configuration?
Easy
- A2,8,2
- B2,8,8,2
- C2,8,3
- D2,8,8,3
32.A student is investigating the trend in reactivity of Group 1 metals with water. They place a small piece of lithium, sodium, and potassium separately into water and observe the reactions. Which of the following describes the correct trend?
Medium
- AReactivity decreases down the group; lithium reacts most vigorously.
- BReactivity increases down the group; potassium reacts most vigorously.
- CReactivity is the same for all three metals.
- DReactivity increases down the group; lithium reacts most vigorously.
33.A student observes the reaction of an unknown Group 1 metal with water. The metal moves rapidly on the water surface, fizzes vigorously, and dissolves quickly, but does not catch fire. Which metal is most likely?
Medium
- ALithium
- BSodium
- CPotassium
- DRubidium
34.An unknown element has the electronic configuration 2,8,8,2. Which statement about this element is correct?
Medium
- AIt is in Group 2 and Period 4, and forms a 2+ ion.
- BIt is in Group 8 and Period 2, and forms a 2- ion.
- CIt is in Group 2 and Period 4, and forms a 2- ion.
- DIt is in Group 4 and Period 2, and forms a 4+ ion.
35.Elements in the same group have the same number of occupied electron shells.
Easy
True or false?
36.Elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells.
Easy
True or false?
37.Arrange these Group 7 elements in order of increasing reactivity (least reactive first).
Easy
- chlorine
- iodine
- fluorine
- bromine
38.What is the charge on the ion formed by a Group 6 non-metal?
Easy
- A2+
- B2-
- C6+
- D6-
39.Match each property to whether it is typical of metals or non-metals.
Easy
- Good conductor of electricity
- Brittle
- Forms basic oxides
- Metal
- Non-metal
- Metal
40.The table shows the melting points of some Group 1 elements. Which of the following best describes the trend in melting points down Group 1? | Element | Melting point (°C) | |---------|-------------------| | Li | 180 | | Na | 98 | | K | 63 | | Rb | 39 |
Medium
- AMelting point increases down the group
- BMelting point decreases down the group
- CMelting point remains constant down the group
- DMelting point first increases then decreases
41.A student investigates the reaction of Group 1 metals with water. They place a small piece of lithium into water and observe fizzing and movement on the surface. They then repeat with sodium and observe more vigorous fizzing and rapid movement. Which statement best explains the trend in reactivity down Group 1?
Medium
- AThe atoms get larger, so the outer electron is lost more easily.
- BThe atoms get smaller, so the outer electron is lost more easily.
- CThe number of outer electrons increases down the group.
- DThe nuclear charge increases, attracting the outer electron more strongly.
42.A student sets up an experiment to compare the reactivity of three Group 1 metals: lithium, sodium, and potassium. They add equal-sized pieces to separate beakers of water and measure the time for the metal to completely react. Which of the following should the student control to ensure a fair test? (Select all that apply)
Medium
- AVolume of water
- BTemperature of water
- CMass of metal pieces
- DSurface area of metal pieces
- EColour of the metal
43.The metallic character of elements increases as you move across a period from left to right.
Easy
True or false?
44.State the charge on the ion formed by a Group 6 non-metal.
Easy
45.Complete the sentence: The electronic configuration of an element in Period 3 and Group 2 is ___.
Easy
The electronic configuration of an element in Period 3 and Group 2 is ____.
46.An element X has an atomic number of 20. How many electrons are in its outer shell?
Easy
47.Complete the sentence about the Periodic Table.
Easy
Elements are arranged in order of increasing ____.
48.How many protons does an atom of element with atomic number 12 have?
Easy
49.An element has the electronic configuration 2,8,4. What is its atomic number?
Easy
50.State the charge on the ion formed by a Group 2 metal.
Easy
51.Explain why the reactivity of Group 1 metals increases down the group.
Medium
52.Describe the trend in metallic character across a period from left to right.
Medium
53.Describe how you would carry out an experiment to determine the trend in melting points of Group 1 metals. Include the apparatus and a brief method.
Hard
54.An element X has an atomic number of 20. How many electrons are in its outer shell?
Easy
- A4
- B1
- C2
- D3
55.How many protons does an atom of element with atomic number 12 have?
Easy
- A13
- B12
- C14
- D11
56.An element has the electronic configuration 2,8,4. What is its atomic number?
Easy
- A16
- B13
- C14
- D15

闪卡

How are elements arranged on the Periodic Table?

In order of increasing atomic number, in rows called periods and columns called groups.

What does the period number tell you about an atom?

The number of electron shells an atom has. For example, Period 2 elements have two shells.

What does the group number tell you about an atom?

The number of outer (valence) electrons. For example, Group 4 elements have 4 outer electrons.

What ion charge does a Group 1 metal form?

1+ (it loses one electron).

What ion charge does a Group 2 metal form?

2+ (it loses two electrons).

What ion charge does a Group 7 non-metal form?

1− (it gains one electron).

What ion charge does a Group 6 non-metal form?

2− (it gains two electrons).

How does metallic character change across a period?

It decreases from left to right.

How does metallic character change down a group?

It increases.

Where are metals and non-metals located on the Periodic Table?

Metals on the left, non-metals on the right, with metalloids in between.

What type of oxide do metals typically form?

Basic oxides.

What type of oxide do non-metals typically form?

Acidic oxides.

How does the electronic configuration relate to period and group?

The number of notations equals the period; the last notation equals the group number.

Why do elements in the same group have similar chemical properties?

They have the same number of outer electrons.

What is the trend in reactivity of Group 1 metals down the group?

Reactivity increases down the group.

Write the word equation for the reaction of lithium with water.

lithium + water → lithium hydroxide + hydrogen

Write the balanced chemical equation for sodium reacting with water.

2Na(s) + 2H₂O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H₂(g)

What observations indicate that potassium reacts more vigorously with water than sodium?

Burns with a lilac flame, moves very rapidly, dissolves very quickly.

What is the electronic configuration of lithium?

2,1

What is the electronic configuration of sodium?

2,8,1

What is the electronic configuration of potassium?

2,8,8,1

What is the electronic configuration of chlorine?

2,8,7

Which element in Group 1 is the least reactive?

Lithium (at the top).

Which element in Group 1 is predicted to be the most reactive?

Francium (at the bottom).

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